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| 3231435748 | pathogens | infectious agents that cause diseases | 0 | |
| 3231437689 | an immune system must carry out recognition or distinguish | self from non-self | 1 | |
| 3231437690 | innate immunity | defense systems that do not distinguish between pathogens and is the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously | 2 | |
| 3231440969 | acquired immunity (adaptive immunity) | defense system found only in vertebrates and is enhanced by previous exposure to pathogens | 3 | |
| 3231446335 | 3 forms of innate immunity in vertebrets | 1. barrier defenses 2. phagocytosis 3. antimicrobial peptides | 4 | |
| 3231451620 | 3 lines of defense against pathogens | 1. non-specific and exterior 2. non-specific and internal 3. specific and internal | 5 | |
| 3231458795 | chemical defenses of the 1st line of defense: sweat glands, saliva/tears/mucous, stomach | makes the human skin too acidic for the growth of bacteria, enzymes break down bacteria, lowers pH so it denatures proteins | 6 | |
| 3231462781 | general term for all white blood cells | leukocytes | 7 | |
| 3231464609 | toll-like receptor (TLR) | recognize molecules that are characteristic of a certain set of pathogens | 8 | |
| 3231465619 | MHC | the specific proteins on surface of the cell; your jersey | 9 | |
| 3231468087 | neutrophils | most common white blood cell; attracted to certain areas where they engulf invaders and die | 10 | |
| 3231472506 | macrophages | engulf microbes and digest them using lysosomic enzymes | 11 | |
| 3231479422 | eosinophils | attach larger parasites and digest them from the outside | 12 | |
| 3231482660 | interferons | secreted by the cells infected with viruses to help other cells avoid infection; is a chemical warning system to get other cells ready for a possible virus | 13 | |
| 3231490682 | complement system | group of proteins that act directly on microbes and attract phagocytes to infected areas (attract other white blood cells to the area) | 14 | |
| 3231493742 | inflammatory response | can be a cause of histamines which are secreted by mast cells; phagocytosis is occuring | 15 | |
| 3231504905 | pyrogens | chemicals that are secreted by activated macrophages that cause fever in an infected area | 16 | |
| 3231507426 | natural killer cells | attack cells that are infected with viruses or cancer cells (cells that no longer express class 1 MHC on their cell surface) | 17 | |
| 3231511720 | Lymphocytes | non-phagocytic white blood cells that combat pathogens, fight cancer, and neutralize toxic chemicals | 18 | |
| 3231516549 | innate immune responses can stimulate acquired immunity by releasing _____ | cytokines | 19 | |
| 3231517901 | two types of cells involved with acquired immune response | B cells and T cells | 20 | |
| 3231519566 | B cells function, produced where, and found | fight invaders in the fluids of animals but outside the cells--is part of the humoral immune response; bone marrow; lymphatic tissue, spleen, and lymph nodes | 21 | |
| 3231525686 | T cells function, produced where, mature where | WBC that attack multicelluar antigens or antigens that have already become established within a cell of the animal; bone marrow; thymus | 22 | |
| 3231528291 | anitgens | foreign molecule that is specifically recognized by lymphocytes and receives a response | 23 | |
| 3231531755 | antibodies (immunoglobulins) | produced by B cells to recognize and identify the epitope of the antigen | 24 | |
| 3231535919 | explain why a lymphocyte is said to show specificity | the different combinations of different sections of immunoglobulin genes allow for a variety of lymphocyte receptors | 25 | |
| 3231542449 | B cell receptors shape, made up of, have a _______region which allows it to be imbedded in the B cell | y-shaped; 4 polypeptide chains with a disulfide bridge to attach them; transmembrane region | 26 | |
| 3231546510 | T cell receptors are made up of, and have a ________region anchoring it to the T cell | 2 polypeptide chains; transmembrane region | 27 | |
| 3231549784 | 2 types of immune responses depending on the presenting cell | 1. Phagocytosis lymphocyte presentation results in immune response to larger infection (helper t cell) 2. Host cell presentation results in the destruction of that cell (cytotoxic t cell) | 28 | |
| 3231554285 | perforin | makes holes int he infected cell so water and other things can rush in and the cell will lyse | 29 | |
| 3231558333 | Class 1 MHC molecules are made by __________ and present antigen fragments to ________ | all cells; cytotoxic t cells | 30 | |
| 3231558334 | Class 2 MHC molecules are made by __________ and present antigen fragments to ________ | dendritic cells, b cells, and macrophages; helper t cells and cytotoxic t cells | 31 | |
| 3231561438 | 3 properties of the acquired immune system | 1. diversity of receptors 2. distinguishing self from non-self (self-tolerance) 3. ability to respond to previous antigens faster (immunological memory) | 32 | |
| 3231566533 | # of B cells and t cells a person has | 1 million and 10 million | 33 | |
| 3231568316 | diversity of lymphocytes is based on 3 things | gene splicing and combining of v segments, j segments, and the combination of heavy and light chains | 34 | |
| 3231572926 | total number of antigen receptor combinations | 1.65x10^6 | 35 | |
| 3231575367 | what happens if a lymphocyte cannot recognize self from non self | it gets destroyed or else it will lead to autoimmune disorders | 36 | |
| 3231576436 | clonal selection | the proliferation of lymphocytes (b and t cells) in response to an anitgen | 37 | |
| 3231577985 | effector cells (plasma cells) | short lived cells which attack the antigen and the pathogen that produces that antigen | 38 | |
| 3231579804 | memory cells | long lived cells which have antigen receptors specific for that anitgen | 39 | |
| 3231584473 | first time exposure = what response, and how long does it take to get better | primary immune response; 10-17 days | 40 | |
| 3231587386 | humoral immune response | involves activation of b cells which secrete antibodies into the blood and lymph | 41 | |
| 3231588668 | cell-mediated immune response | involves the activation of the cytotoxic t cells which identify and destroy infected cells | 42 | |
| 3231594134 | helper t cells | enhance both the humoral and cell mediated immune responses | 43 | |
| 3231596680 | 3 types of antigen presenting cells | dendritic cells, macrophages, and b cells | 44 | |
| 3231607036 | active immunity | immunity that is the result of the bodies response to infection | 45 | |
| 3231608067 | passive immunity | immunity that is the result of the passage of antibodies from one individual to another (pregnant mom to child) | 46 | |
| 3231614862 | ____________ through____________is a method by which active immunity can be achieved | immunization; vaccination | 47 |
