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| 114593815 | Cyrus the Great | Established massive Persian Empire by 550 BCE; successor state to Mesopotamian empires | 0 | |
| 114593816 | Zoroastrianism | Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian Empire | 1 | |
| 114593817 | Hellenistic Age | That culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms | 2 | |
| 114593818 | Peloponnesian Wars | Wars from 431 to 404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece | 3 | |
| 114593819 | Alexander the Great | Successor of Philip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 BCE; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures | 4 | |
| 114593820 | Sophocles | Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex | 5 | |
| 114593821 | Doric, Ionian, and Corinthian | distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; Doric- least ornate; Ionian- more ornate than Doric, but less so that Corinthian; Corinthian- most ornate | 6 | |
| 114593822 | Illiad and the Odyssey | Greek epic poems attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek myths | 7 | |
| 114593823 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher of later 5th century BCE; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young | 8 | |
| 114593824 | Plato | Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled | 9 | |
| 114593825 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world | 10 | |
| 114593826 | Cicero | Conservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; one of great orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar | 11 | |
| 114593827 | Punic Wars | Fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts | 12 | |
| 114593828 | city-state | a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king | 13 | |
| 114593829 | Persian Wars | two Persian attacks on Greece in the early 5th century | 14 | |
| 114593830 | Phillip II | Ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 BCE; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority | 15 | |
| 114593831 | Julius Caesar | Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators | 16 | |
| 114593832 | Roman Republic | The balanced constitution of Rome from c510 to 47 BCE; featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies | 17 | |
| 114593833 | direct democracy | Literally rule of the people; as interpreted in Athens, all decisions emanated from popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives | 18 | |
| 114593834 | Carthage | Originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean | 19 | |
| 114593835 | Hannibal | Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama | 20 | |
| 114593836 | Augustus Caesar | Name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome | 21 | |
| 114593837 | Constantine | Roman emperor from 312 to 337 CE; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually | 22 | |
| 114593838 | Twelve Tables | First code of laws introduced by early Roman Republic; introduced by 450 BCE | 23 | |
| 114593839 | Pericles | Athenian political leader during 5th century BCE; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian War | 24 | |
| 114593840 | Diocletian | Roman emperor from 284 to 305 CE; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection | 25 | |
| 114593841 | Greek city-states | city-states in Greece; featured democracy | 26 | |
| 114593842 | senate | Assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution | 27 | |
| 114593843 | consuls | Two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy | 28 | |
| 114593844 | stoics | Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery | 29 |
