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| 209604518 | Cyrus the Great | Famous Persian Emperor, controlled people and land across Middle East and into North West India. | 0 | |
| 209604519 | Pericles | Famous Greek Politician, dominated Athenian Government in 5th Century BCE. Not able to prevent wars between Athens and Sparta. (Peloponnesian War) | 1 | |
| 209604520 | Alexander the Great | Extended the Greek Empire begun by his father into the Persian Empire, all the way to India. He died very young after conquest. Brought Greek culture to conquered areas. | 2 | |
| 209604521 | Hellenistic Period | The spread of Greek technologies, culture, art, education. Mixed with culture in Middle East. Alexandria was established as important scientific research center. | 3 | |
| 209604522 | Punic Wars | Wars during 264-146 BCE. Between Roman Republic and Carthage OVER DOMINANCE OF MEDITERRANEAN. Hannibal of Carthage was unable to stop the Romans, who conquered Greece, North Africa, and Egypt. | 4 | |
| 209604523 | Julius Caesar | Dictator of the Roman Republic who effectively ended the republic. Successor Augustus formed the empire. | 5 | |
| 209604524 | Diocletian and Constantine | 2 powerful emperors toward the end of the Roman Empire, tried to reverse the fall of Rome. There efforts did not work. Constantine moved the capital to Constantinople, and allowed freedom of worship for Christians. | 6 | |
| 209604525 | Greek City-States | Independent cities of Greek. United language and religion, however they each had different forms of governing. | 7 | |
| 209604526 | Senate | A body of legislative peoples, composed mainly of wealthy aristocrats. | 8 | |
| 209604527 | Consuls | The executive power group, 2 men. | 9 | |
| 209604528 | Cicero | Roman writer and senator who expounded on the value of oratory in political discourse. | 10 | |
| 209604529 | Socrates | A leading figure in the development of classical Mediterranean philosophy. He encouraged his students to question CONVENTIONAL WISDOM. His work symbolized Greco-Roman emphasis on the POWER of HUMAN THOUGHT. | 11 | |
| 209604530 | Plato | Socrates PUPIL. Suggested humans could have an understanding of the perfect forms of truth, good, and beauty. | 12 | |
| 209604531 | Aristotle | Student of Plato, developed logic in scientific reasoning in the western sense. STRESSED VALUE OF MODERATION in ALL THINGS. | 13 | |
| 209604532 | Stoics | Adherents of this Greek philosophy emphasized an inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline and personal bravery. | 14 | |
| 209604533 | Sophocles | Athenian dramatist who specialized in psycho tragedies. | 15 | |
| 209604534 | Iliad | Greek epic poem attributed to Homer. Defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos. | 16 | |
| 209604535 | Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian | Three forms of Greek columns that represent what is still known as classical architecture. Doric is the simplest; Corinthian is the most elaborate. | 17 | |
| 209604536 | Battle of Marathon | Battle where the persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army. | 18 | |
| 209604537 | Xerxes | Persian king who invaded Greece in retribution for ealier Persian defeats by the Greeks. | 19 | |
| 209604538 | Themistocles | Athenian leader who helped lead the Athenian navy during the Persian Wars; this led to the defeat of the Persian fleet at the Battle of Salamis. | 20 | |
| 209604539 | Battle of Thermopylae | Spartan king Leonidas and his army of Spartans and Greeks refused to surrender to the Persian army. | 21 | |
| 209604540 | Zoroastrianism | Persian religion developed by the prophet Zoroaster around 600 BCE, in which is taught that life is a battle between opposing forces of good and evil, humans having to choose. | 22 | |
| 209604541 | Olympic Games | Festival and athletic contests held at Olympia in honor of Zeus to which all Greek city-states sent representatives. | 23 | |
| 209604542 | Peloponnesian Wars | Involved Athens and its allies against Sparta and its allies. Sparta won, many Greek City-States were weakened. | 24 | |
| 209604543 | Phillip II of Macedon | King of Macedon, defeated army of Thebes and Athens. Became ruler of many Greek City States, father of Alexander the Great. | 25 | |
| 209604544 | Alexandria | Important scientific research center in Egypt. A large seaport | 26 | |
| 209604545 | Roman Republic | Balanced constitution of Rome, aristocratic Senate, panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies. | 27 | |
| 209604546 | Carthage | City-State in north Africa, founded by the Phoenicians, destroyed by Romans in Punic Wars. | 28 | |
| 209604547 | Hannibal | Carthaginian general, led troops into Italy during second Punic War; defeated at the Battle of Zama by the Romans. | 29 | |
| 209604548 | Augustus Caesar | Restored order to Rome after political chaos. Assumed title of Augustus and instituted monarchical government. First emperor of Rome. | 30 | |
| 209604549 | Polis | Greek work for city-state. | 31 | |
| 209604550 | Tyranny | Government based on the rule of an absolute ruler. | 32 | |
| 209604551 | Direct democracy | Government based on the rule of the vote of the people. | 33 | |
| 209604552 | Aristocracy | A government based on the rule of the best in the society. | 34 | |
| 209604553 | Twelve Tables | Roman law code, developed in response to the democratization of the Roman Republic. | 35 | |
| 209604554 | Mystery Religions | Religions from the Middle East, featured secret rituals, greater sense of contact with the divine. Competed with early Christianity. | 36 | |
| 209604555 | Herodotus | Greek historian, called Father of History. Wrote an account of the Persian Wars. | 37 | |
| 209604556 | Phythagoras | Hellenistic mathematician who developed many basic geometric theorems still used in geometry today. | 38 | |
| 209604557 | Galen | Hellenistic physician and writer who wrote many medical treatises that formed the basis of modern medical practice. | 39 | |
| 209604558 | Euclid | Hellenistic mathematician who produced what was long the world's most widely used compendium of geometry. | 40 | |
| 209604559 | Ptolemy | Hellenistic astronomer who produced an elaborate theory of the sun's motion around the Earth. | 41 | |
| 209604560 | Sappho | One of the great poets of the ancient Greeks; her poetry developed the complex inner working of human beings and love. | 42 | |
| 209604561 | Vergil | Greatest Roman poets during the Golden Ages of Latin Lit. | 43 |
