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| 4705337196 | consists of all the organisms living in a community, as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact | ecosystem | 0 | |
| 4705341048 | autotrophs | primary producers | 1 | |
| 4705341527 | herbivores | primary consumers | 2 | |
| 4705342843 | carnivores | secondary consumers | 3 | |
| 4705343170 | carnivores that feed on other carnivores | tertiary consumers | 4 | |
| 4705343172 | Energy and nutrients pass from - - - - | primary producers primary consumers secondary consumers tertiary consumers | 5 | |
| 4705344554 | are consumers that derive their energy from detritus | Detritivores, or decomposers | 6 | |
| 4705344849 | nonliving organic matter | detritus | 7 | |
| 4705345129 | Prokaryotes and fungi are important _____ | detritivores | 8 | |
| 4705347535 | _____ connects all trophic levels | Decomposition | 9 | |
| 4705347974 | _____ in an ecosystem is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period | Primary production | 10 | |
| 4705348218 | Total primary production is known as the ecosystem's | gross primary production (GPP) | 11 | |
| 4705348366 | is GPP minus energy used by primary producers for respiration | Net primary production (NPP) | 12 | |
| 4705348543 | Only ____is available to consumers | NPP | 13 | |
| 4705350118 | Tropical rain forests, estuaries, and coral reefs are among the most ___ ecosystems per unit area | productive | 14 | |
| 4705351126 | Marine ecosystems are relatively_____ per unit area | unproductive | 15 | |
| 4705351127 | contribute much to global net primary production because of their volume | Marine ecosystems | 16 | |
| 4705465448 | In marine and freshwater ecosystems, both _____ and _____ control primary production | light and nutrients | 17 | |
| 4705466402 | Depth of light penetration affects _______ in the photic zone of an ocean or lake | primary production | 18 | |
| 4705466619 | More than light, _____ limit primary production in geographic regions of the ocean and in lakes | nutrients | 19 | |
| 4705467228 | A_____ is the element that must be added for production to increase in an area | limiting nutrient | 20 | |
| 4705467498 | _____and ____ are typically the nutrients that most often limit marine production | Nitrogen and phosphorous | 21 | |
| 4705467721 | The addition of large amounts of nutrients to____has a wide range of ecological impacts | lakes | 22 | |
| 4705468053 | sewage runoff has caused _____of lakes, which can lead to loss of most fish species | eutrophication | 23 | |
| 4705468557 | In terrestrial ecosystems,_____ and ____affect primary production on a large scale | temperature and moisture | 24 | |
| 4705468784 | ______ is the water annually transpired by plants and evaporated from a landscape | Actual evapotranspiration | 25 | |
| 4705468785 | It is related to net primary production | Actual evapotranspiration | 26 | |
| 4705469776 | ______ of an ecosystem is the amount of chemical energy in food converted to new biomass during a given period of time | Secondary production | 27 | |
| 4705470503 | When a caterpillar feeds on a leaf, only about one-sixth of the leaf's energy is used for _____ | secondary production | 28 | |
| 4705470602 | An organism's______ is the fraction of energy stored in food that is not used for respiration | production efficiency | 29 | |
| 4705470937 | _____ is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next | Trophic efficiency | 30 | |
| 4705471662 | It usually ranges from 5% to 20% | Trophic efficiency | 31 | |
| 4705471663 | is multiplied over the length of a food chain | Trophic efficiency | 32 | |
| 4705475727 | Dynamics of energy flow in ecosystems have important implications for the human population | 33 | ||
| 4705475728 | Eating meat is a relatively inefficient way of tapping __________ | photosynthetic production | 34 | |
| 4705475924 | Worldwide agriculture could feed many more people if humans ate only plant material | 35 | ||
| 4705476345 | Life depends on _____chemical elements | recycling | 36 | |
| 4705476346 | Nutrient circuits in ecosystems involve biotic and abiotic components and are often called ______ | biogeochemical cycles | 37 | |
| 4705559780 | Gaseous _____,____,____ and ____ occur in the atmosphere and cycle globally | carbon, oxygen, nitrogen , sulfur | 38 | |
| 4705559781 | Less mobile elements such as _____,____, and ____ cycle on a more local level | phosphorus, potassium, and calcium | 39 | |
| 4705560958 | All elements cycle between organic and inorganic reservoirs | 40 | ||
| 4705561380 | ____ is essential to all organisms | Water | 41 | |
| 4707381112 | ____ of the biosphere's water is contained in the oceans, ___ is in glaciers and polar ice caps, and ____ is in lakes, rivers, and groundwater | 97%; 2%; 1% | 42 | |
| 4707382307 | _____-based organic molecules are essential to all organisms | Carbon | 43 | |
| 4707382547 | ____ reservoirs include fossil fuels, soils and sediments, solutes in oceans, plant and animal biomass, and the atmosphere | Carbon | 44 | |
| 4707382548 | ____ is taken up and released through photosynthesis and respiration | CO2 | 45 | |
| 4707383059 | volcanoes and the burning of fossil fuels contribute ____to the atmosphere | CO2 | 46 | |
| 4707383537 | _____ is a component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids | Nitrogen | 47 | |
| 4707383884 | The main reservoir of nitrogen is the atmosphere ____ | (N2) | 48 | |
| 4707384133 | nitrogen must be converted to NH4+ or NO3-; for uptake by plants, via _______ by bacteria | nitrogen fixation | 49 | |
| 4707384668 | Organic nitrogen is decomposed to NH4+ by ________, and NH4+ is decomposed to NO3- by ______ | ammonification; nitrification | 50 | |
| 4707384669 | ______ converts NO3- back to N2 | Denitrification | 51 | |
| 4707384983 | ____ is a major constituent of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and ATP | Phosphorus | 52 | |
| 4707385755 | _____ is the most important inorganic form of phosphorus | Phosphate (PO43-) | 53 | |
| 4707385912 | The largest reservoirs are _____ of marine origin, the oceans, and organisms | sedimentary rocks | 54 | |
| 4707386174 | _____ binds with soil particles, and movement is often localized | Phosphate | 55 | |
| 4707417236 | _________ play a key role in the general pattern of chemical cycling | Decomposers (detritivores) | 56 | |
| 4707418199 | The rate of decomposition is controlled by _____, _______, and ______availability | temperature, moisture, and nutrient | 57 | |
| 4707418749 | _____ decomposition results in relatively low levels of nutrients in the soil | Rapid | 58 | |
| 4707419336 | _____strongly regulates nutrient cycling | Vegetation | 59 | |
| 4707481418 | The___________ has been used to study nutrient cycling in a forest ecosystem since 1963 | Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest | 60 | |
| 4707482035 | ______ help return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state | Restoration ecologists | 61 | |
| 4707482220 | ______ seeks to initiate or speed up the recovery of degraded ecosystems | Restoration ecology | 62 | |
| 4707482449 | Two key strategies are _____ and ______of ecosystem processes | bioremediation and augmentation | 63 | |
| 4707419897 | _____ is the use of living organisms to detoxify ecosystems | Bioremediation | 64 | |
| 4707420072 | The organisms most often used for Bioremediation are _____,____, and _____. | prokaryotes, fungi, or plants | 65 | |
| 4707420703 | These organisms can take up, and sometimes metabolize, ____ molecules | toxic | 66 | |
| 4707420704 | _______ uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem | Biological augmentation | 67 |
