Terms : Hide Images
| 47305024 | Maintenance Rehearsal | Involves rote repetition of an item's auditory representation. Does not lead to stronger or more durable memories. | |
| 47305025 | Elaborative Rehearsal | Involves deep sematic processing of a to-be-remembered item resulting in the production of durable memories. | |
| 47315318 | Transfer Appropriate Processing Model | Says that memory will be best when the processes engaged in during encoding match those engaged in during retrieval. | |
| 47315319 | Parallel Distributed Processing Model | Says that memory is distributed across a network of interconnected units that work simultaneously (in a parallel fashion) to process information. | |
| 47315320 | Multiple Memory Systems Model | Says that the brain contains several memory systems, each of which resides in a different area and each of which serves somewhat different purposes. | |
| 47315321 | Sensory Memory | The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. | |
| 47315322 | Eidetic Imagery | A form of memory, often called photographic memory, which consists of especially vivid visual recollections of material. | |
| 47315706 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | |
| 47315707 | operant | a behavorial response that has some effect on an organisms environment | |
| 47315708 | reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | |
| 47315709 | positive reinforcer | positive stimuli that act like rewards | |
| 47315710 | negative reinforcer | negative stimuli that, once removed, encourage or reinforce behavior | |
| 47315711 | escape conditioning | an organism learns behaviors that lead to an escape from an unpleasant situation | |
| 47395967 | Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction and without further pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. | |
| 47395968 | Stimulus Generalization | A phenomenon in which a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus. | |
| 47395969 | Stimulus Discrimination | A process through which individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one. | |
| 47395970 | Forward Conditioning | Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS. Two types are: delayed conditioning and trace conditioning. | |
| 47395971 | Backward Conditioning | occurs when a conditioned stimulus immediately follows an unconditioned stimulus. | |
| 47395972 | Equipotentiality | assumption that any conditioned stimulus can be associated equally well with any unconditioned stimulus | |
| 47406572 | storage | process of maintaining or keeping a memory | |
| 47406573 | retrieval | process of transferring memories from storage to consciousness | |
| 47406574 | recall | retrieve information from memory without much help | |
| 47406575 | recognition | retrieval of information is aided by cues | |
| 47406576 | episodic memory | memory of an event that happend while one was present | |
| 47406577 | semantic memory | type of memory containing generalized knowledge of the world | |
| 47433232 | Biopreparedness | the idea that Humans and animals may be innately likely to learn certain adaptive associations | |
| 47433233 | Second/Higher-Order Conditioning | When conditioned stimulus acts like an unconditioned stimulus, creating conditioned stimuli out of events associated with it | |
| 47433234 | Acquisition | A neutral stimulus an a UCS are paired. The neutral stimulus becomes a CS, eliciting a CR | |
| 47433235 | Law of Effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | |
| 47433236 | Systematic Desensitization | a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias | |
| 47433237 | Instrumental Conditioning | a process through which an organism learns to respond to the environment in a way that produces positive consequences and avoids negative ones | |
| 47517348 | retroactive interference | a cause of forgetting in which new information placed in memory interferes with the ability to recall information already in memory | |
| 47517649 | schema | mental representation of categories of objects, events, and people. | |
| 47518370 | misinformation effect | Phenomenon that occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent information. | |
| 47518564 | method of savings | measuring forgetting by computing the difference between the number of repetitions needed to learn and, after a delay, relearn the same material | |
| 47518884 | decay | the gradual disappearance of the mental representations of a stimulus | |
| 47519027 | interference | the process through which either the storage or the retrieval of information is impaired by the presence of other information | |
| 47519402 | serial position effect | Tendency for items at the beginning and end of a list to be learned better than items in the middle | |
| 47526849 | Sensory Registers | Holds info about a perceived stimulus for a fraction of a second after the stimulus disappears, allowing a mental representation of it to remain in memory for further processing | |
| 47526850 | selective attention | the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus | |
| 47526851 | short term memory | The stage of memory where information is stored for up to 30 seconds prior to either being forgotten or transferred to long term memory. | |
| 47526852 | working memory | the part of the memory system that allows us to mentally work with, or manipulate, information being held in short-term memory | |
| 47526853 | immediate memory span | the maximum number of items a person can recall perfectly after one presentation of the items | |
| 47526854 | chunks | stimuli that are perceived as one unit or as a meaningful grouping of information | |
| 47526855 | tip of tongue phenomenon | Example of incomplete knowledge, which is when you retrieve some features of a concept from your semantic network, but not enough to identify the concept | |
| 47536355 | fixed ration schedule | provides reinforcement following a fixed number of responses | |
| 47536356 | variable ratio schedule | provides reinforcement after a varying number of responses | |
| 47536357 | fixed interval schedule | provides reinforcement for first response that occurs after some fixed time has passed since last reward | |
| 47536358 | variable interval schedule | provides reinforcement for first response after varying periods of time | |
| 47536359 | extinction of operant conditioning | gradual disappearance of operant behavior due to elimination of rewards for that behavior | |
| 47536360 | parietal reinforcement schedule | reinforcement is only present sometimes after a response | |
| 47585327 | Learning | The modification through experience of pre-existing behavior and understanding | |
| 47585328 | Habituation | The process of adapting to stimuli that do not change | |
| 47585329 | Dishabituation | An increase in the strength of a habituated response elicited by a new stimulus | |
| 47585330 | Sensitization | A process in which a given behavior increases in intensity simply with repeated occurrences | |
| 47585331 | Opponent Process Theory | A theory of color vision stating that color-sensitive visual elements are grouped into red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white elements | |
| 47585332 | Classical Conditioning | A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus | |
| 47602429 | Procedural Memory | Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection | |
| 47602430 | Explicit Memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" | |
| 47602431 | Implicit Memory | retention independent of conscious recollection | |
| 47602432 | Implicit Social Cognitions | abilities that are known from the time of birth / implied social abilities | |
| 47602433 | Information-Processing Model | A theory of human development that uses the computer as a metaphor for explaining thought processes. Similar to computers, humans transform information to solve cognitive problems. | |
| 47602434 | Levels-of-processing Model | describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing | |
| 47612429 | latent learning | a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response | |
| 47612430 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. | |
| 47612431 | insight | the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem | |
| 47612432 | observational insight | previous experiences in problem solving are applied to new ones in a way that makes their solution seem to be instantaneous | |
| 47612433 | vicarious conditioning | The strengthening or weakening of an operant response due to observing whether a model is reinforced or punished, respectively, for producing that response. | |
| 47612434 | active learning | a process whereby learners are actively engaged in the learning process, rather than "passively" absorbing lectures. | |
| 47615453 | partial reinforcement extinction effect | a phenomenon in which behaviours learned under a partial reinforcement schedule are more difficult to extinguish that behaviours learned on a continuous reinforcement schedule. | |
| 47615454 | accidental reinforcement | When one random thing is followed by a reward (by luck) and it acts as partial reinforcement. | |
| 47615455 | premack principal | reinforcement depends on the situation; rewards vary with individual | |
| 47615456 | response deprivation hypothesis | The notion that a behavior can serve as a reinforcer when (1) access to the behavior is restricted and (2) its frequency thereby falls below its preferred level of occurrence. | |
| 47615457 | punishment | presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a pleasant stimulus. | |
| 47615458 | learned helplessness | learning that responses do not affect consequences, resulting in failure to try to exert control over the environment. | |
| 47840888 | context- dependent memory | Memory that can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the context in which it is learned and the context in which it is recalled | |
| 47840889 | state- dependent memory | Memory that is aided or impeded by a person's internal state | |
| 47840890 | semantic network theory | understanding is obtained through a "spreading activation" of the links already established between the components of a sentence | |
| 47840891 | spreading activation | A principle that explains how information is retrieved in semantic network theories of memory | |
| 47840892 | incomplete knowledge | when you can retrieve some features of a concept from your semantic network, but it isn't enough to identify the concept | |
| 47840893 | constructive memory | memories constructed from their existing knowledge to fill in gaps in new information that is being encoded | |
| 47840894 | flashbulb memory | those vivid recollections of personally significant events that like a snapshot, seem to preserve all the details of a moment | |
| 48011709 | Shaping (successive approzimations( | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | |
| 48011710 | Reinforcement | Occurs when a stimulus or event follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be Repeated | |
| 48011711 | Encoding | Conversion of sensory information into a form that can be retained as a memory | |
| 48011712 | Acoustic Encoding | The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. | |
| 48011713 | Semantic Encoding | The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words | |
| 48011714 | Visual Encoding | The use of imagery to process information into memory | |
| 48011715 | Shaping (successive approzimations( | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | |
| 48011716 | Reinforcement | Occurs when a stimulus or event follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be Repeated | |
| 48011717 | Encoding | Conversion of sensory information into a form that can be retained as a memory | |
| 48011718 | Acoustic Encoding | The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. | |
| 48011719 | Semantic Encoding | The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words | |
| 48011720 | Visual Encoding | The use of imagery to process information into memory | |
| 48525647 | brown-peterson procedure | a method for determining how long unrehearsed information remains in short term memory | |
| 48525648 | long term memory | long lasting stage of memory whose capacity to store new information is unlimited | |
| 48525649 | primary effect | a charachteristic of memory in which recall of the first two or three items in a list is particularly good | |
| 48525650 | recency effect | a charachteristic of memory in which recall is particularly good for the last few items in a list | |
| 48525651 | retrieval cue | a stimulus that aid the recall or recognition of information stored in memory | |
| 48525652 | repression | push into unconsciousness, memories of traumatic incidents | |
| 48525653 | encoding specifity principle | a principle stating that the ability of a cue to aid retrieval depends on the degree to whcih it taps into information that was encoded at the time of the original learning | |
| 48675239 | proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information | |
| 48675240 | motivated forgetting | strong desire or motive to forget,usually experience is to disturbing/upsetting to remember | |
| 48675241 | anterograde amnesia | loss of memory for events immediately following a trauma | |
| 48675242 | retrograde amnesia | loss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia | |
| 48675243 | reconsolidation | the remembering/retieval of an old memory which requires protein synthesis in order to persist, otherwise the memory will fade away with time | |
| 48675244 | mnemonics methods | strategies for placing information in an organized context in order to remember it | |
| 48675245 | memory | the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
