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Chapter 6 - Classical Conditioning Flashcards

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667286337What is learning?Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
667286339What does learning do?Helps all animals, especially humans, adapt to their environments.
667286341What is classical conditioning?A type of learning in which we learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
667286343What is associative learning?Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
667286345What is a stimulus?Any event or situation that evokes a response.
667286347What is operant conditioning?A type of learning in which we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence, and thus to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results.
667286349What is observational learning?Learning by observing others and their experiences.
667286350By conditioning and by observation we humans _______ and ________ to our environments.learn, adapt
667286352What are neutral events? (Pavlov's experiments)Unrelated stimuli that the dog could see or hear.
667286353What is an unconditioned response?In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
667286354What is an unconditioned stimulus?In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response.
667286355What is a conditioned response?In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but not conditioned) stimulus.
667286356What is a conditioned stimulus?In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
667286357What did Pavlov's work do?-Laid the foundation for behaviorism -Psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
667286358What are the five major conditioning processes?Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization, and Discrimination
667286359Why is classical conditioning biologically adaptive?Because it helps humans and other animals prepare for good or bad events.
667286360What is acquisition in classical conditioning?The initial stage, when we link a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
667286361What is extinction in classical conditioning?The weakening of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus.
667286362What is acquisition in operant conditioning?The strengthening of a reinforced response.
667286363What is extinction in operant conditioning?The weakening of a response when it is no longer reinforced.
667286364What is spontaneous recovery?The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditional response.
667286365What is generalization in classical conditioning?The tendency, after conditioning, to respond similiarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.
667286366What is discrimination in classical conditioning?The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli.
667286367What is behaviorism?The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
667286368Who was John B. Watson?One of many psychologists who built on Pavlov's work and (like Pavlov) rejected "mentalistic" concepts (such as consciousness) that referred to inner thoughts, feelings, and motives.
667286369What did Pavlov and Watson underestimate?-Cognitive Processes -Biological Constraints
667286370What iare cognitive processes?Our thoughts, perceptions, and expectations.
667286371What are biological constraints?The observation that certain behaviors are more easily learned by some organisms than by others.
667286372What is Pavlov's greatest contribution to psychology?Isolating elementary behaviors from more complex ones through objective scientific procedures.
667286373What did Watson do?He used classical conditioning procedures to develop advertising campaigns for a number of organizations, including Maxwell House, making the "coffee break" an American custom.

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