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| 114581550 | Islam | major world religion having its origins in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad | 0 | |
| 114581551 | shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans within Bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children | 1 | |
| 114581552 | Allah | supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam | 2 | |
| 114581553 | hijra | the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution a.d. 622: regarded as the beginning of the Muslim Era. | 3 | |
| 114581554 | five pillars | the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj | 4 | |
| 114581555 | Abu Bakr | first caliph after death of muhammad | 5 | |
| 114581556 | Uthman | third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 6 | |
| 114581557 | Sunnis | political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads | 7 | |
| 114581558 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate | 8 | |
| 114581559 | Abbassid | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE | 9 | |
| 114581560 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset | 10 | |
| 114581561 | Muslims | adherents of Islam. | 11 | |
| 114581562 | Mecca | city located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam | 12 | |
| 114581563 | Umayyad | clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750 | 13 | |
| 114581564 | Muhammad | prophet of Islam; born c 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE and thereafter; died in 632 | 14 | |
| 114581565 | umma | community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity | 15 | |
| 114581566 | hajj | a Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba | 16 | |
| 114581567 | Ridda Wars | wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 17 | |
| 114581568 | Battle of Siffin | fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 18 | |
| 114581569 | Shi'a | also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali | 19 | |
| 114581570 | mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam | 20 | |
| 114581571 | ayan | the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 21 | |
| 114581572 | bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam | 22 | |
| 114581573 | Medina | also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to Bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra) | 23 | |
| 114581574 | Ka'ba | most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among Bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam | 24 | |
| 114581575 | Qu'ran | recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam | 25 | |
| 114581576 | zakat | tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | 26 | |
| 114581577 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a | 27 | |
| 114581578 | jihad | struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith | 28 | |
| 114581579 | Mu'awiya | leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali | 29 | |
| 114581580 | Karbala | site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 30 | |
| 114581581 | dhimmis | literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists | 31 | |
| 114581582 | Baghdad | capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon | 32 | |
| 114581583 | caliph | the political and religious successor to Muhammad | 33 | |
| 114581584 | harem | the part of a Muslim palace or house reserved for the residence of women | 34 |
