Terms : Hide Images
| 202993005 | islam | Major world religion having its origins in 610 c.e. in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad | 0 | |
| 202993006 | allah | Supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam | 1 | |
| 202993007 | muslims | Followers of Islam | 2 | |
| 202993008 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 c.e. and thereafter; died in 632 | 3 | |
| 202993009 | Qur'an | Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam | 4 | |
| 202993010 | bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam | 5 | |
| 202993011 | shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children | 6 | |
| 202993012 | Mecca | City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam | 7 | |
| 202993013 | Quraysh | Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca | 8 | |
| 202993014 | Medina | Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra) | 9 | |
| 202993015 | Khadijah | first wife of muhammad | 10 | |
| 202993016 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'is | 11 | |
| 202993017 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam | 12 | |
| 202993018 | Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam | 13 | |
| 202993019 | Umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity | 14 | |
| 202993020 | Zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | 15 | |
| 202993021 | Five Pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj | 16 | |
| 202993022 | Caliph | The political and religious successor to Muhammad | 17 | |
| 202993023 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'is | 18 | |
| 202993024 | Abu Bakr | first caliph after death of muhammad | 19 | |
| 202993025 | Ridda | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 20 | |
| 202993026 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 21 | |
| 202993027 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 22 | |
| 202993028 | Siffin | battle fought in 657 between forces of ali and umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of ali's party | 23 | |
| 202993029 | Mu'awiya | Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayya[[adot]]d caliph following civil war with Ali | 24 | |
| 202993030 | Sunni | Political and theological division within Islam; followers of the Umayyads | 25 | |
| 202993031 | Shi'a | Political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali | 26 | |
| 202993032 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'i resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 27 | |
| 202993033 | Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 28 | |
| 202993034 | Jizya | Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories | 29 | |
| 202993035 | Dhimmis | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus | 30 | |
| 202993036 | Abbasids | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 c.e | 31 | |
| 202993037 | Wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire | 32 | |
| 202993038 | Ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 33 |
