Terms : Hide Images
| 230082108 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. | 0 | |
| 230082109 | Shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children | 1 | |
| 230082110 | Mecca | the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace | 2 | |
| 230082111 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231) | 3 | |
| 230082112 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam | 4 | |
| 230082113 | Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam | 5 | |
| 230082114 | Qur'an | the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina | 6 | |
| 230082115 | Umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. (p. 231) | 7 | |
| 230082116 | Zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | 8 | |
| 230082117 | Caliph | The civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth | 9 | |
| 230082118 | Ali | Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law; a leading figure in the Shi'a branch of Islam | 10 | |
| 230082119 | Abu Bakr | first caliph after death of muhammad | 11 | |
| 230082120 | Ridda Wars | wars that followd Muhammad's death in 632;resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 12 | |
| 230082121 | Jihad | a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal | 13 | |
| 230082122 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 14 | |
| 230082123 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 15 | |
| 230082124 | Mu'awiya | Leader of the Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali | 16 | |
| 230082125 | Sunni | the Muslim group that didn't resist the rule of the Umayyads. | 17 | |
| 230082126 | Shi'a | The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Islam | 18 | |
| 230082127 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 19 | |
| 230082128 | Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 20 | |
| 230082129 | Jizya | head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories | 21 | |
| 230082130 | Dhimmis | "The people of the book," Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus. | 22 | |
| 230082131 | Abbasids | the dynasty that came after the Ummayads. The ummayad lost power in AD 759 because they upset mant muslims especially in Persia. Persian Muslims thought that Arab Muslims got better treatment | 23 | |
| 230082132 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of Empire | 24 | |
| 230082133 | Ayan | a wealthy and deeply entrenched landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 25 | |
| 230082134 | Quraysh Bedouin tribe | The Umayyad clan of this tribe founded the city of Mecca | 26 | |
| 230082135 | Allah | Muslim name for the one and only God | 27 | |
| 230082136 | Khadijah | First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader. | 28 | |
| 230082137 | Hijra | the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution a.d. 622: regarded as the beginning of the Muslim Era. | 29 | |
| 230082138 | Ramadam | this was the month that the Koran was revealed to Muhammad. Fasting from dawn to dusk. | 30 | |
| 230082139 | Hajj | pilgrimage to Mecca; one of the Five Pillars of Islam | 31 | |
| 230082140 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate | 32 | |
| 230082141 | Hadiths | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad | 33 | |
| 230082142 | Battle of River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 34 | |
| 230082143 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon | 35 | |
| 230082144 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 36 | |
| 230082145 | Mosque | Muslim house of worship | 37 |
