Terms : Hide Images
| 985690098 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam | 1 | |
| 985690099 | Shayks | Leaders of tribes and clans within the bedouin; usually men with large hers, several wives and many children | 2 | |
| 985690100 | Mecca | City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad caln of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam | 3 | |
| 985690135 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca | 4 | |
| 985690101 | Quraysh | Tribe of Bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century CE | 5 | |
| 985690102 | Ka'aba | Mot revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among Bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam | 6 | |
| 985690103 | Medina | Also known as Yathrib; became refuge for Muhammad's flight from Mecca (hijra) | 7 | |
| 985690104 | Muhammad | 570-632, prophet of Islam; born to Banu Hasim clan of Quraysh in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE; died in 632 | 8 | |
| 985690105 | Abu Talib | Paternal Uncle of Muhammad; served as Muhammad's protector and supporter throughout much of his early life | 9 | |
| 985690106 | Khadijah | Muhammad's first wife; worked for her as a trader | 10 | |
| 985690107 | Qur'an | Revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam | 11 | |
| 985690108 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; orthodox caliph that was focus for Shi'a | 12 | |
| 985690109 | Umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity | 13 | |
| 985690110 | Zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | 14 | |
| 985690111 | 5 Pillars | The required religious duties of all Muslims- confession of faith, prayer; fasting during Ramadan; zakat, and hajj | 15 | |
| 985690112 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset | 16 | |
| 985690113 | Hajj | A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship Allah at the Ka'aba | 17 | |
| 985690114 | Caliph | The political and religious successor to Muhammad | 18 | |
| 985690115 | Abu Bakr | One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as the first Caliph of Islamic community | 19 | |
| 985690116 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 20 | |
| 988004807 | Jihad | Struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith | 21 | |
| 988004808 | Copts | Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule | 22 | |
| 985690118 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia' tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions | 23 | |
| 985690119 | Uthman | 3rd Caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 24 | |
| 985690120 | Battle of Siffin | Fought between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 25 | |
| 985690121 | Mu'awiya | Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali | 26 | |
| 985690122 | Sunnis | Political and theological division with Islam; supported the Umayyads | 27 | |
| 985690123 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 28 | |
| 985690124 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate | 29 | |
| 985690125 | Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 30 | |
| 985690127 | Jizya | Head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories | 31 | |
| 985690126 | Dhimmi | Applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus | 32 | |
| 985690128 | Hadiths | Traditions of the prophet | 33 | |
| 985690129 | Abbasaid | Dynasty that succeeded that Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE | 34 | |
| 985690130 | Battle of the River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 35 | |
| 985690131 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon | 36 | |
| 985690132 | Wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire | 37 | |
| 985690133 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular of lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 38 | |
| 985690134 | Ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in early decades of Abbasid rule | 39 |
