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| 114573994 | al-Mahdi | Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession | 0 | |
| 114573995 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century | 1 | |
| 114573996 | Shah-Nama | written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests | 2 | |
| 114573997 | al-Ghazali | Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama | 3 | |
| 114573998 | Demak | most powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports | 4 | |
| 114573999 | Qutb-ud-din Aibak | Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi, proclaimed himself Sultan of India | 5 | |
| 114574000 | Shrivijaya | trading empire centered on Malacca straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion | 6 | |
| 114574001 | Harun al-Rashid | most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependant on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession | 7 | |
| 114574002 | Crusades | series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian Kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy | 8 | |
| 114574003 | Sufis | mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia and other regions | 9 | |
| 114574004 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph | 10 | |
| 114574005 | Mahmud of Ghazni | Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression | 11 | |
| 114574006 | bhaktic cults | Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu | 12 | |
| 114574007 | Malacca | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands | 13 | |
| 114574008 | Buyids | regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads | 14 | |
| 114574009 | Saladin | Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; re-conquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam | 15 | |
| 114574010 | ulama | orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking | 16 | |
| 114574011 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world | 17 | |
| 114574012 | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of Umayyad Empire | 18 | |
| 114574013 | Muhammad of Ghur | Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control | 19 | |
| 114574014 | Kabir | Muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam | 20 | |
| 114574015 | Vishnu | The Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped | 21 | |
| 114574016 | sultan | the sovereign of an Islamic country | 22 | |
| 114574017 | shiva | Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change | 23 | |
| 114574018 | rajas | a king or prince in India | 24 | |
| 114574019 | sati | ritual in India of immolating surviving widows with the bodies of their deceased husbands | 25 | |
| 114574020 | Ibn Khaldun | a Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations- strong, weak, dissolute | 26 | |
| 114574021 | Rubiyat | in Persian literature, genre of poetry, a quatrain with a rhyme scheme aaba. With the masnavi, the rhymed couplet, it is a purely Persian poetic genre and not a borrowing from the Arabic, as were the formal ode (qasidah) and the love lyric (ghazal). It was adopted and used in other countries under Persian influence | 27 | |
| 114574022 | arabic numerals | the characters 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, in general European use since the 12th century. | 28 | |
| 114574023 | Mira Bai | (1498-1547) celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women | 29 | |
| 114574024 | lateen | triangular sails attached to the mass of dhows by long booms, or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship | 30 | |
| 114574025 | Hulegu | (1217-1265) ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257 | 31 | |
| 114574026 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance | 32 |
