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| 84940147 | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of Umayyad Empire. | 0 | |
| 84940148 | al-Rashid, Harun | Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependant of Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession. | 1 | |
| 84940149 | Kabir | Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between HInduism and Islam. | 2 | |
| 84940150 | Demak | Most powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports. | 3 | |
| 84940151 | Mira Bai | Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women. | 4 | |
| 84940152 | bhaktic cults | Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu. | 5 | |
| 84940153 | sati | Ritual in India of immolating surviving widows with the bodies of their deceased husbands. | 6 | |
| 84940154 | ulama | Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking. | 7 | |
| 84940155 | Muhammad of Ghur | Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Inuds valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control. | 8 | |
| 84940156 | Hulegu | Ruler of the Ilkhan (ilkhan) khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad. | 9 | |
| 84940157 | Qutb-ud-din Aibak | Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of India. | 10 | |
| 84940158 | Mongols | Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; capture Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph. | 11 | |
| 84940159 | Chinggis Khan | Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world. | 12 | |
| 84940160 | Shrivijaya | Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resisted to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion. | 13 | |
| 84940161 | Crusades | Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy. | 14 | |
| 84940162 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance. | 15 | |
| 84940163 | Buyids | Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasid as figureheads. | 16 | |
| 84940164 | Ibn Khaldun | A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations: strong, weak, dissolute. | 17 | |
| 84940165 | Seljuk Turks | Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch SUnnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century. | 18 | |
| 84940166 | Mahmud of Ghazni | Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intorlerance and aggression. | 19 | |
| 84940167 | Shah-Nama | Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests. | 20 | |
| 84940168 | Saladin | Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam. | 21 | |
| 84940169 | al-Mahdi | Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problems of succession. | 22 | |
| 84940170 | Sufis | Mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia and other regions. | 23 |
