Terms : Hide Images
| 49856952 | al-Mahdi | third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession | 0 | |
| 49856953 | Harun al-Rashid | most famous of the Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession | 1 | |
| 49856954 | Buyids | regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invadded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under name of "sultan"; retained Abbasids as figureheads | 2 | |
| 49856955 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from Central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in the name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century; able to restore political initiative to the much reduced caliphate; ended threat of Shi'a conquest | 3 | |
| 49856956 | Ottoman Empire | Turkic Empire established in Asia Minor/Middle East; responsible for conquest of Constantinople...end of Byzantine Empire; succeeded Seljuk Turks following retreat of Mongols | 4 | |
| 49856957 | Crusades | series of military adventures initially launched by Western Christians to free the Holy Land (Muslims); temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian Kingdoms; later used for purposes of commercial wars and extermination of heresy | 5 | |
| 49856958 | Saladin | Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts of Islam | 6 | |
| 49856959 | Shah-Nama | written by Firdawsi in the late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests | 7 | |
| 49856960 | al-Ghazali | brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by Ulama | 8 | |
| 49856961 | Ulama | Muslim orthodox religious scholars | 9 | |
| 49856962 | Mongols | Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad and killed last Abbasid caliph | 10 | |
| 49856963 | Chinggis Khan | born after the death of Kabul Khan; elected Khagan of all Mongol tribes; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as Abbasid region; died prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world | 11 | |
| 49856964 | Hulegu | ruler of Ilkhan Khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad | 12 | |
| 49856965 | Mamluks | Muslim slave-warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut and halted Mongol advance | 13 | |
| 49856966 | Muhammad Ibn Qasim | Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus Valley to be part of the Umayyad Empire | 14 | |
| 49856967 | Mahmud of Ghazni | third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression | 15 | |
| 49856968 | Muhammad of Ghur | military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of N India; brought much of Indus Valley, Sind, and India under his control | 16 | |
| 49856969 | Bhaktic Cults | Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva | 17 | |
| 49856970 | Malacca | Portugese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan Peninsula; traditionally, a center for trade among the SE Asian islands | 18 | |
| 49856971 | Demak | most powerful of the trading states on the north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports | 19 |
