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| 259336334 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese mariner; first European to reach India by sailing around the tip of Africa in 1498. | 0 | |
| 259336335 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator in the service of Aragon and Castile; sailed west to find a route to India and instead discovered the Americas in 1492. | 1 | |
| 259336336 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese captain in Spanish service; began the first circumnavigation of the globe in 1519; died during voyage; allowed Spain to claim possession of the Philippines. | 2 | |
| 259336337 | East India Companies | British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions. | 3 | |
| 259336338 | World economy | Created by Europeans during the late 16th century; based on control of the seas; established an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products. | 4 | |
| 259336339 | Columbian Exchange | Interaction between Europe and the Americas; millions of Native Americans died of new diseases (smallpox) ; new world crops (potatoes, corn) spread to other world regions; European and Asian animals (horses, cattle) came to the Americas. | 5 | |
| 259336340 | Lepanto | Naval battle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire resulting in Spanish victory in 1571; demonstrated European naval superiority over Muslims. | 6 | |
| 259336341 | Core nations | Nations, usually European, that profited from the world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services; exported manufactured goods and imported raw materials. | 7 | |
| 259336342 | Dependent economic zones | Regions within the world economy that produced raw materials; dependent on European markets and shipping; tendency to build systems based on forced and cheap labor (ex. Brazil) | 8 | |
| 259336343 | Vasco de Balboa | Began first Spanish settlement on Mesoamerican mainland in 1509. (modern Panama) | 9 | |
| 259336344 | New France | French colonies in Canada and elsewhere; extended along the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes and down into the Mississippi River valley system. (including Quebec) | 10 | |
| 259336345 | Atlantic colonies | British colonies in North America along Atlantic coast from New England to Georgia. | 11 | |
| 259336346 | Treaty of Paris | Concluded in 1763 after the Seven Years War; Britain gained New France and ended France's importance in India. | 12 | |
| 259336347 | Cape Colony | Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 to provide a coastal station for Dutch ships traveling to and from the East Indies; settlers expanded and fought with Bantu and other Africans. | 13 | |
| 259336348 | Boers | Dutch and other European settlers in Cape Colony before 19th-century British occupation; later called Afrikaners. | 14 | |
| 259336349 | Calcutta | British East India Company headquarters in Bengal; captured in 1756 by Indians; later became administrative center for populous Bengal. | 15 | |
| 259336350 | Seven Years War | Fought in Europe, Africa, and Asia between 1756 and 1763; the first worldwide war. (UK wins) | 16 | |
| 259336351 | Cape of Good Hope | Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India. | 17 | |
| 259336352 | Mercantilism (Chapter 16) | Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe; possession of colonies important way to control trade | 18 | |
| 259336353 | Mestizos | People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor system. | 19 | |
| 259336354 | Francisco Pizarro | Led conquest of Inca Empire beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to Spanish. | 20 | |
| 259336355 | John Locke | English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants. (life, liberty, and property were key rights of people) | 21 | |
| 259336356 | William Shakespeare | English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet. | 22 | |
| 259336357 | Italian Renaissance | 14th- and 15th-century intellectual and cultural movement in Europe that challenged medieval values and instigated the modern age. | 23 | |
| 259336358 | Niccolo Machiavelli | Author of The Prince, a realistic discussion of seizing and maintaining power. | 24 | |
| 259336359 | Humanism | A focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor / the philosophy of the Renaissance | 25 | |
| 259336360 | Northern Renaissance | Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; influenced by earlier Italian Renaissance; centered in France, the Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than in Italy | 26 | |
| 259336361 | Francis I | King of France; a Renaissance monarch; patron of the arts; imposed new controls on the Catholic church; ally of the Ottoman sultan against the Holy Roman emperor. | 27 | |
| 259336362 | Johannes Gutenberg | Introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; greatly expanded the availability of printed materials. | 28 | |
| 259336363 | European-style family | Emerged in 15th century; involved later marriage age and a primary emphasis on the nuclear family. | 29 | |
| 259336364 | Martin Luther | German Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation; emphasized the primacy of faith in place of Catholic sacraments for gaining salvation; rejected papal authority. | 30 | |
| 259336365 | Protestantism | General wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; formally began with Martin Luther in 1517. | 31 | |
| 259336366 | Anglican Church | Form of Protestantism in England established by Henry VIII. | 32 | |
| 259336367 | Jean Calvin | French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group in Geneva | 33 | |
| 259336368 | Catholic Reformation | Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine. | 34 | |
| 259336369 | Jesuits | Catholic religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work outside of Europe. | 35 | |
| 259336370 | Edict of Nantes | Grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants | 36 | |
| 259336371 | Thirty Years War | War from 1618 to 1648 between German Protestants and their allies against the Holy Roman emperor and Spain; caused great destruction. | 37 | |
| 259336372 | English Civil War | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy. | 38 | |
| 259336373 | Proletariat | Class of people without access to producing property; usually manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agriculture, or urban poor | 39 | |
| 259336374 | Witchcraft hysteria | 17th-century European violence reflecting uncertainties about religion and about resentment against the poor; especially affected women. | 40 | |
| 259336375 | Scientific Revolution | Process culminating in Europe during the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; became a central focus of Western culture. | 41 | |
| 259336376 | Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer; discredited Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe. | 42 | |
| 259336377 | Galileo | Publicized Copernicus's findings; used the telescope to study moon and planets; added discoveries concerning the laws of gravity; condemned by the Catholic church for his work. | 43 | |
| 259336378 | William Harvey | English physician who demonstrated the circular movement of blood in animals and the function of the heart as a pump. | 44 | |
| 259336379 | René Descartes | Philosopher who established the importance of the skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human wisdom could develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature. | 45 | |
| 259336380 | Isaac Newton | English scientist; author of Principia Mathematica; drew various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and defined forces of gravity. | 46 | |
| 259336381 | Deism | A concept of God during the Scientific Revolution; the role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws in motion. | 47 | |
| 259336382 | John Locke | English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through their senses and reason; argued that the power of government came from the people, not from the divine right of kings; people had the right to overthrow tyrants. | 48 | |
| 259336383 | Absolute monarchy | Concept of government developed during the rise of the nation-state in western Europe during the 17th century | 49 | |
| 259336384 | Louis XIV | Late 17th- and early 18th-century French king who personified absolute monarchy. | 50 | |
| 259336385 | Mercantilism (Chapter 17) | Economic theory that stressed government promotion of internal and international policies to strengthen the economic power / Colonies played a major role in promoting the "mother country" | 51 | |
| 259336386 | Glorious Revolution | English political settlement of 1688 and 1689 that affirmed that parliament had basic sovereignty over the king. | 52 | |
| 259336387 | Enlightenment | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; argued for scientific advance, the application of scientific methods to study human society; believed that rational laws could describe social behavior. | 53 | |
| 259336388 | Adam Smith | Established new school of economic thought; argued that governments should avoid regulation of economies in favor of the free play of market forces. | 54 | |
| 259336389 | Mary Wollstonecraft | Enlightenment English feminist thinker; argued that political rights should be extended to women. | 55 | |
| 259336390 | Indulgences | Roman Catholic theological tenant for the remission of sins. | 56 | |
| 259336391 | Predestination | The belief that God has ordained all events to come including those who were to be saved | 57 | |
| 259336392 | Parliamentary monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments. | 58 | |
| 259336393 | Frederick the Great | Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy. | 59 | |
| 259336394 | Ivan III (the Great) | Prince of the duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar. | 60 | |
| 259336395 | Third Rome | Russia, with Moscow as its capital, claimed to be the successor of the Roman and Byzantine empires. | 61 | |
| 259336396 | Ivan IV (the Terrible) | Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture. | 62 | |
| 259336397 | Boyars | The Russian nobles. | 63 | |
| 259336398 | Cossacks | Peasant adventurers with agricultural and military skills recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia. | 64 | |
| 259336399 | Time of Trouble | Early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | 65 | |
| 259336400 | Romanov dynasty | Ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917. | 66 | |
| 259336401 | Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia. | 67 | |
| 259336402 | Peter I (the Great) | Tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models. | 68 | |
| 259336403 | St. Petersburg | Baltic city that was made the new capital of Russia by Peter I. | 69 | |
| 259336404 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina; combined selective Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry. | 70 | |
| 259336405 | Partition of Poland | Three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland. | 71 | |
| 259336406 | Pugachev rebellion | Unsuccessful peasant rising led by Cossack Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and after | 72 | |
| 259336407 | Westernization | Process in which traditional cultures come under the influence of Western culture. | 73 | |
| 259336408 | Serfdom | Institution in which a peasant is attached to a feudal estate. | 74 |
