Terms : Hide Images
| 135440721 | Ivan III (the Great) | centralized Russia | 0 | |
| 135440722 | Ivan IV (The terrible) | became an absolute ruler, killed boyars who he suspected of conspiracy, serfs were treated worse and worse | 1 | |
| 135440723 | Peter I (The Great) | wanted to Westernize, had the boyars cut off their beards, would travel incognito to Europe, mainly, seeking allies | 2 | |
| 135440724 | Catherine II (The Great) | put down multiple serf rebellions, westernized, her husband was retarded and she assumed power | 3 | |
| 135440725 | boyars | Russian elite/nobles | 4 | |
| 135440726 | cossacks | peasant adventurers who explored Russia's new lands; combined farming with military strategies | 5 | |
| 135440727 | Westernization | cultural diffusion of European ideas, technologies, and cultural aspects spreading to other countries | 6 | |
| 135440728 | Third Rome | Ivan III insisted that Russia had succeeded Byzantium as this | 7 | |
| 135440729 | Time of Troubles | after Ivan IV death, he had no successor; boyars fought, often killing each other, for the throne; Poland and Sweden were attacking | 8 | |
| 135440730 | Romanov Dynasty | starting with Micheal (closest decendent to Ivan IV at the time), it continued until 1917 | 9 | |
| 135440731 | Micheal Romanov | reestablished internal order after the Time of Troubles, expanded Russia (Kiev, to Ottoman border), first of the Romanov dynasty | 10 | |
| 135440732 | Alexis Romanov | abolished nobles and gained more power over the Russian church, wanting to reform it, 2nd Romanov | 11 | |
| 135440733 | Old Believers | were exiled to Siberia by Alexis Romanov b/c they were conservatives and did not want to reform the church | 12 | |
| 135440734 | tsar | Russian for "Caesar", absolute ruler | 13 | |
| 135440735 | Chancery of Secret Police | Peter I established it, and it lasted until the 1990s, surviving under different names (KGB?) and functions | 14 | |
| 135440736 | St. Petersburg | after Peter won against Sweden to gain an ice-free port, he built this grand city to glorify himself | 15 | |
| 135440737 | Great Northern War | Russia defeated Sweden at sea, Russia received Estonia, Livonia, and Ingria, while Sweden received Finland | 16 | |
| 135440738 | Pugachev rebellion | led by Emelian Pugachev, Catherine I used it as an excuse to further the powers of the central government | 17 | |
| 135440739 | partitions of Poland | in 1772,1793,and 1795; eliminated Poland as an independent state. Russia got the best deal out of the countries | 18 | |
| 135440740 | serfdom | 1/2 of the peasantry in Russia in 1800, could be bought, sold, gambled away, and punished by their masters; in 1785, a law was passed that tightened landlord power | 19 | |
| 135440741 | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile | the married couple who united the Iberian peninsula and outlawed all Jew (had to convert or leave) | 20 | |
| 135440742 | encomiendas | large estates and grants of Indian laborers, where used to settle the Americas, owned by encomenderos | 21 | |
| 135440743 | Chronology of Conquest | 1492-1570: main lines of administration and economy 1570-1700: colonial institutions and societies took form 18th century: reform and reorganization ----> revolt | 22 | |
| 135440744 | Caribbean Crucible | the islands who were a test run for colonies to come | 23 | |
| 135440745 | Hernan Cortes | the leader of an expedition of 600 men to the coast of Mexico where they brought down the Aztecs (Moctezuma II); Tenochtitlan was replaced by Mexico City | 24 | |
| 135440746 | Francisco Pizarro | led the conquest of the Incas, who were already weakened by civil war; Spanish moved capital city, Lima, closer to the coast | 25 | |
| 135440747 | Francisco Vazquez de Coronado | searched for the legendary cities of gold and traveled as far north as Kansas | 26 | |
| 135440748 | Pedro de Valdivia | set up the city of Santiago in 1541, after defeating the Araucanian Indians | 27 | |
| 135440749 | Bartolome de Las Casas | thought Indians were children of God and had done nothing to hurt Christians, had the right to be shown the path of God, and conversions should be peaceful | 28 | |
| 135440750 | Juan Gines de Sepulveda | thought Indians aren't humans b/c they don't accept Christianity so violence is allowed and conversions should be forced | 29 | |
| 135440751 | Ferdinand Magellan | sailed around the globe, but died before he could return to Europe (Magellan Strait) | 30 | |
| 135440752 | Treaty of Tordesillas | in 1494, the pope declared everything West of the line (370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Is.) is Spain's, east is Portugal's | 31 | |
| 135440753 | exploitation of the Indians | were killed by disease and Europeans, but also were wanted for their lands and for laborers, causing their population to decrease | 32 | |
| 135440754 | mita | forced labor (but w/ a wage), made Indians work in mines and on other projects in Peru | 33 | |
| 135440755 | Potosi | in present day Bolivia, the largest mine (80% of Peruvian silver) was discovered; 160,000 people lived/worked there | 34 | |
| 135440756 | Huancavelica | a mountain containing mercury essential to silver mining | 35 | |
| 135440757 | haciendas | rural estates using Indians for labor | 36 | |
| 135440758 | Casa de Contratacion (Board of Trad) | based in Seville, all goods going and coming from Spain was funneled into as to keep records, registered ships and passengers, and worked in conjunction with a merchant guild | 37 | |
| 135440759 | consulado | the merchant guild which handled most of the silver; kept tight control over the trade, keeping prices high | 38 | |
| 135440760 | galleons | large and heavily armed ships used to transport goods (silver) | 39 | |
| 135440761 | letrados | lawyers from Spain who have graduated from a university | 40 | |
| 135440762 | Recopilacion | codified and simplified the laws into the basis for government in the colonies | 41 | |
| 135440763 | Council of the Indies | the king ruled through this, issuing the laws and advising the king | 42 | |
| 135440764 | viceroyalties | high-ranking nobles who were direct representatives of the King, one in Mexico City and another in Lima | 43 | |
| 135440765 | audiencias | the vieroyalties subdivisions, staffed by professional royal magistrates who help to make and apply the law | 44 |
