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Chp 55(Behavioral Biology Flashcards

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359686169SyrinxBird's vocal cord
359686170Adaptive Valueany trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions
359686171Physiologyprocesses and functions of an organism
359686172Ontogenythe process of an individual organism growing organically
359686173Phylogenythe sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms
359686174Adaptive Significancehow behavior influences an organism's chances of survival and reproduction in its natural environment
359686175EthologyStudy of behavior
359686176Innate Behaviora behavior that is influenced by genes and does not depend on learning
359686177Key Stimulus(Sign Stimulus)signal that begins repetitive pattern of behavior
359686178Innate Releasing Mechanisma postulated neural mechanism that triggers an innately organized motor program.
359686179Fixed Action PatternA sequence of behavioral acts that is essentially unchangeable and usually carried to completion once initiated.
359686180Mandibular Motor NeuronFastest Neuron Identified
359686181Serotoninneurotransmitter that affects sleep, arousal, mood, appetite; lack of it is linked with depression. Can influence aggression
359686182DopamineA neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.
359686183Behavioral GeneticsContribution that heredity makes to behavior
359686184Monoamine Oxidases(MAO's)an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin)
359686185Habituationdecreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
359686186Classic Conditioning(Pavlovian Conditioning)Paired presentation of two different kinds of stimuli causes the animal to form an association between the stimuli
359686187Operant Conditioninga type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
359686188Instinctive Behavioran innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species.
359686189Imprintinga learning process in early life whereby species specific patterns of behavior are established
359686190Filial Imprintingsocial attachments between parent and offspring
359686191Genetic Templateinstinctive program which guides animals behavior, genetic
359686192Brood Parasitesmanipulation and use of host individuals either of the same or different species to raise the young
359686193Cognitive Behaviorthinking, reasoning and processing information to understand complex concepts and solve problems
359686194Behavioral EcologyStudy of how natural selection shapes behavior, adaptive significance of behavior
359686195Optimal Foraging TheoryThe basis for analyzing behavior as a compromise of feeding costs versus feeding benefits, anticipating that animals will attempt to maximize energy obtained as a function of time and/or eneergy spent
359686196TerritorialityA behavior in which an animal defends a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals, usually of its own species.
359686197Reproductive Strategypattern of behavior arrive at thorough evolutionary selection that favors the chances of survival for the offspring
359686198Mate Choicemate chosen on basis of some variable characteristic (ex. Coloration, behavior)-more later on sexual selection
359686199Parental Investmentwhat each gender has to invest, in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and missed opportunities, to produce and nurture offspring
359686200Sexual SelectionA form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.
359686201Intrasexual SelectionA direct competition among individuals of one sex (usually the males in vertebrates) for mates of the opposite sex.
359686202Intersexual SelectionSelection whereby individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the other sex; also called mate choice.
359686203Secondary Sex Characteristicsnonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
359686204Sperm Competitioncompetition between the sperm from two or more males fo fertilize the eggs of a signle female during one reproductive cycle.
359686205Sexual DimorphismA special case of polymorphism based on the distinction between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females.
359686206Handicap Hypothesisfemales can assess quality of a male by his ability to survive, despite potentially harmful traits --> females invest more in offspring than males
359686207Sensory ExploitationA theory of sexual selection that posits that females may initially prefer male traits that elicit the greatest amount of stimulation from their sensory systems.
359686208PolyandryOne female mates with more than one male
359686209MonogamyOne male mates with one female
359686210PolygynyOne male mates with more than one female
359686211Altrical offspringRequire prolonged and extensive parental care
359686212Precocial offspringRequire little parental care
359686213Extra-pair copulationspairing with mates other than the territory owner (cheating)
359686214AltruismBehavior that benefits another individual at a cost to the actor
359686215Reciprocal Altruismbehavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future
359686216Kin Selectionthe idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes
359686217Inclusive FitnessThe sum of an individual's own reproductive success plus the effects the organism has on the reproductive success of related others.
359686218Eusocialorganism population in which the role of each organism is specialized and not all of the organisms will reproduce
359686219Haplodiploidysex determined by number of chromosome sets; males are haploid and females are diploid
362319701Proximate CausationHow it works(Ex. How a Bird forms songs)
362319702Ultimate CausationWhy did it evolve?(Ex. Evolutionary Significance)
379567930SensitizationIncreased responsiveness to a stimulus
379567931Critical Periodan optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
379567932TaxisMovement toward or away from a stimulus
379567933KinesesIncrease in general activity level due to increased stimulus intensity
379567934MigrationsLong-range, two-way movements

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