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Chp 56(Ecology of individuals and populations) Flashcards

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362131740Homeostasisprocess by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
362131741Allen's Rulestates that endotherms from colder climates usually have shorter limbs (or appendages) than the equivalent animals from warmer climates.
362131742Populationa group of organisms of the same species populating a given area
362131743Population RangeThe difference between the upper and lower population quartiles.
362131744Random Spacingindividuals do not interact strongly with one another; not common in nature
362131745Uniform Spacingbehavioral interactions; resource competition
362131746Clumped SpacingThe most common pattern of dispersion, with individuals aggregated in patterns of favorable conditions
362131747MetapopulationsA network of distinct populations that interact with one another by exchanging individuals.
362131748Source-Sink Metapopulationsthe theory that proposes that populations existing in better habitats (source) serve to bolster populations in poorer areas (sink)
362131749DemographyStudy of populations
362131750Generation TimeAverage interval between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring
362131751CohortGroup of individuals of the same age
362131752FecundityNumber of offspring produced in a standard time
362131753Mortalitythe ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area
362131754Age Structureproportion of people in different age groups in a population
362131755Life Tablean age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population
362131756Mortality Ratethe number of deaths per thousand
362131757SurvivorshipPercentage of the original population that survives to a given age
362131758Survivorship CurveGraph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species.
362131759Cost of Reproductionthe total physical and energetic costs of reproduction, including nest or territory defense, mating, and producing and raising young.
362131760SemelparityA life history in which adults have but a single reproductive opportunity to produce large numbers of offspring, such as the life history of the Pacific salmon; also known as big-bang reproduction.
362131761IteroparityA life history in which adults produce large numbers of offspring over many years; also known as repeated reproduction.
362131762Biotic PotentialRate at which a population of a given species increases when no limits are placed on its rate of growth
362131763Carrying CapacityMaximum amount of individuals an environment can support
362131764Sigmoidal Growth Curvean S-shaped pattern of population growth, with population size leveling off at the carrying capacity of the environment.
362131765Density-Dependent Population Factorscompetition for resources, territoriality, disease, predation, toxic wastes, intrinsic (physiological) factors
362131766Density-Independent Population FactorsNatural Disasters, Weather
362131767Density Dependent Effectsthe population rates increase or decreases based on the population size
362131768Allee EffectGrowth rates increasing with population increases(Endangered Species/Isolated Species/Manifest Destiny)
362131769Density-Independent Effectsthe population rates increase or decrease is limited by something other than population size
362131770K-SelectedPopulations adapted to thrive when near the carrying capacity
362131771R-SelectedResources high, selection favors individuals with high reproductive rates
362131772Population PyramidA bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
362131773Ecological FootprintA way of measuring how much of an impact a person or community has on the earth. Someone who uses more natural resources will have a bigger footprint than someone who uses less.

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