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| 673808287 | Pope Leo I (440 - 461) | Talked Attila the Hun out of sacking Rome. | |
| 673808288 | St. Gregory I (The Great) (590 - 604) | The first "Doctor of the Church". He wrote Moralia (Book of Job) and Dialogues which descibed the life of St. Benedict. | |
| 673808289 | St. Benedict of Nursia | Established the Benedictine Rule. | |
| 673808290 | Iconoclastic Controversy | A controversy that arose in the Greek Church in the eighth and ninth centuries when Byzantine Emperor Leo III (717 - 741) forbade the use of icons (images of saints), which he condemned as idolatry. | |
| 673808291 | The Filioque Controversy | A controversy that arose as a result of the popes adding a clause to the Nicene Creed giving the Son of God a greater role than the origonal creed stated. | |
| 673808292 | Peace and Truce of God | Two movements made by the Pope to limit violence. | |
| 673808293 | Benefices | Lands granted to soldiers by the Carolingians. In 1000 the grants of land became hereditary and were called fiefs. | |
| 673808294 | Classical Feudalism | A Lord gave a fief to a Vassal and in return got military service. | |
| 673808295 | The Cluniacs | Started a monastic reform in eastern France around 1200. | |
| 673808296 | Pope John XII (955 - 964) | Became pontiff at age 18 and was known for his sinful behavior and crowning German ruler Otto I Holy Roman Emperor in 962. | |
| 673808297 | Pope Sylvester II (999 - 1003) | Was appointed pope by Otto III (996 - 1002) and was committed to reform. However, people thought he was a magician in league with the devil. | |
| 673808298 | College of Cardinals | Established in 1059 to elect the popes. | |
| 673808299 | Concordat of Worms | An agreement settling the dispute over the appointment of bishops (Investiture Controversy). | |
| 673808300 | Lombard League | Italian city-states that defeated Frederick I Barbarossa (1152 - 1190) in 1176. | |
| 673808301 | The Great Interregnum | A time in which there was no Emperor on the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. | |
| 673808302 | Rudolph I Hapsburg (1273 - 1291) of Austria | Ended the Great Interregnum when the German nobles elected him Holy Roman Emperor. The first of the Hapsburg dynasty. | |
| 673808303 | The Golden Bull (1356) | Issued by Charles IV of Luxemburg (1347 - 1378), it fixed an electoral college of seven members to elect the emperor. Charles hoped to prevent popes from meddling in imperial elections. | |
| 673808304 | Wessex | Unified the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Britain in the tenth century. | |
| 673808305 | Alfred the Great (871 - 899) | Led the resistance against the Danish Vikings and was Wessex's most illustrious ruler. | |
| 673808306 | Domesday Book | A survey by William the Conqueror in order to determine taxes accuratey. | |
| 673808307 | County of Anjou and Duchy of Normandy | Land inherited by Henry II (1154 - 1189). | |
| 673808308 | Magna Carta (1215) | A concession made by John I, younger brother of Richard the Lion Hearted, and guaranteed the protection of feudal privileges. | |
| 673808309 | Parliament (1265 - ) | Divided in two sections in the fourteenth century: House of Commons and House of Lords. | |
| 673808310 | Louis IX (1226 - 1270) | Participated in the crusades and was made a saint after his death. | |
| 673808311 | Philip IV the Fair (1285 - 1314) | Strengthened the French Monarchy but was very temperamental. He caused the death of Pope Boniface VIII (1296 - 1303) and expelled the Jews from France and seized their property. |
