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| 2115783244 | transformation | modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of genetic material (DNA). Can change harmless bacteria into disease - causing form. | 0 | |
| 2115816316 | bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria | 1 | |
| 2116043467 | Deoxyribonucleic acid | DNA. A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. | 2 | |
| 2115820257 | base pairing | Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine. | 3 | |
| 2115828743 | nucleotide | The building blocks of DNA and RNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. | 4 | |
| 2115831225 | Deoxyribose | A five-carbon sugar found in DNA. | 5 | |
| 2115834511 | phosphate group | A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms. major component of nucleotides. | 6 | |
| 2115837269 | nitrogen base | The chemicals that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder and store genetic information. | 7 | |
| 2115838218 | Charghaff's rule | The rule that Adenine bonds to Thymine and Cytosine bonds to Guanine in DNA | 8 | |
| 2115871548 | hydrogen bonds | Very weak bond created by the attraction of a slightly positive hydrogen atom to a slightly negative portion of another molecule. Hold the 2 strands of | 9 | |
| 2115884552 | Double Helix | A shape like a coiled spring, used to describe the structue of DNA molecules. | 10 | |
| 2115890179 | antiparallel | The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. | 11 | |
| 2115971621 | complimentary (DNA) | The concept that the 2 strands of a DNA molecule are opposite in terms of Base pairing A-T and C-G. | 12 | |
| 2115996840 | Replication | Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA | 13 | |
| 2115998832 | Helicase | An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks. | 14 | |
| 2116001252 | DNA polymerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of free nucleotides to the existing chain. | 15 | |
| 2116017536 | Replication Fork | A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing. | 16 | |
| 2116005094 | 5' to 3' | The Direction that DNA or RNA always forms new polymers | 17 | |
| 2116033227 | leading strand | Strand of a DNA molecule during DNA replication; replication is continuous without Okazaki fragments. | 18 | |
| 2116034829 | Lagging Strand | A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork. produces Okazaki fragments | 19 | |
| 2116039270 | Okazaki fragments | Short fragments of DNA that are a result of the synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication. | 20 | |
| 2116023137 | telomeres | DNA at the tips of chromosomes. particularly difficult to replicate. | 21 | |
| 2116026569 | Telomerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic reproductive cells. this enzyme is turned off in adult cells. | 22 | |
| 2116043468 | Ribonucleic Acid | (RNA) single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose. There are 3 main types. | 23 | |
| 2116202551 | Ribose | A five-carbon sugar present in RNA. | 24 | |
| 2116203455 | Uracil | A nitrogen base found only in RNA. Takes the place of Thymine (T) and Bonds to Adenine (A). | 25 | |
| 2116057030 | Messenger RNA (mRNA) | A single-stranded RNA molecule that carries the instructions from a gene to make a protein (translation). | 26 | |
| 2116060433 | Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | important component of ribosomes. involved in the process of translation. | 27 | |
| 2116067517 | transfer RNA (tRNA) | form of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis. | 28 | |
| 2116068993 | transcription | The process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA | 29 | |
| 2116073186 | RNA polymerase | An enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template. | 30 | |
| 2116086474 | promoter | DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription. | 31 | |
| 2116087529 | introns | A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene. | 32 | |
| 2116088427 | exons | A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns. | 33 | |
| 2116091761 | genetic code | Set of rules that determine how a nucleotide sequence is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. | 34 | |
| 2116094276 | codon | A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid; the basic unit of the genetic code. | 35 | |
| 2116110700 | Start codon | AUG; the codon that begins all RNA molecules. Codes for Methionine. | 36 | |
| 2116115259 | stop codon | Codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation | 37 | |
| 2116117654 | translation | The process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm. | 38 | |
| 2116104289 | polypeptide | chain of many amino acids linked together. Helps form proteins. | 39 | |
| 2116103195 | amino acid | Building blocks of protein | 40 | |
| 2116122329 | anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon. | 41 | |
| 2116126954 | central dogma | DNA -> RNA -> Protein. | 42 | |
| 2116133028 | gene expression | The process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function. Genes are transcribed into mRNA which are translated into proteins, and those proteins carry out a function with in the cell | 43 | |
| 2116144148 | mutation | heritable changes in genetic information (DNA). | 44 | |
| 2116152579 | gene mutation | A change in the sequence of the bases in a gene, which changes the structure of the polypeptide that the gene codes for. | 45 | |
| 2116154866 | Chromosomal mutation | A change in the chromosome structure, resulting in new gene combinations. | 46 | |
| 2116159407 | point mutation | A change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair. | 47 | |
| 2116160507 | deletion | Change to a gene or chromosome in which a fragment is removed. | 48 | |
| 2116164132 | duplication | When a portion of a gene or chromosome is repeated. | 49 | |
| 2116168618 | inversion | A kind of mutation in which the order of the genes in a section of a chromosome is reversed. | 50 | |
| 2116173065 | polyploidy | Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes | 51 |
