Terms : Hide Images
| 222804546 | bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats. | 0 | |
| 222804547 | shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children. | 1 | |
| 222804548 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam. | 2 | |
| 222804549 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar. | 3 | |
| 222804550 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty. | 4 | |
| 222804551 | Ka'ba | revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship. | 5 | |
| 222804552 | Quran | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam. | 6 | |
| 222804553 | umma | community of the faithful within Islam. | 7 | |
| 222804554 | zakat | tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims. | 8 | |
| 222804555 | five pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). | 9 | |
| 222804556 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community. | 10 | |
| 222804557 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph. | 11 | |
| 222804558 | Ridda | wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam. | 12 | |
| 222804559 | jihad | Islamic holy war. | 13 | |
| 222804560 | Siffin | battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented Ali's party. | 14 | |
| 222804561 | Mu'awiya | first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus. | 15 | |
| 222804562 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads. | 16 | |
| 222804563 | Shi'i | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam. | 17 | |
| 222804564 | Karbala | site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali. | 18 | |
| 222804565 | mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam. | 19 | |
| 222804566 | jizya | head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands. | 20 | |
| 222804567 | dhimmis | "the people of the book", Jews, Christians;, later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus. | 21 | |
| 222804568 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad. | 22 | |
| 222804569 | Uthman | third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and Ali. | 23 | |
| 222804570 | wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasids | 24 | |
| 222804571 | ayan | the wealthy landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids | 25 | |
| 222804572 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 26 |
