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| 574466882 | Enlightenment | "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity"; motto: "Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own intelligence!" | |
| 574466883 | Bayle | Protestant; attacked superstition, religious intolerance, and dogmatism | |
| 574466885 | Montesquieu | Charles de Secondat; Spirit of the Laws; praised England for its separation of powers; executive, legislative, and judicial provided greatest freedom and security to a state; influenced American philosophes who used his ideas in the U.S. Constitution | |
| 574466888 | John Locke | Essay Concerning Human Understanding: rejected Descartes idea of innate ideas; everyone is born with a tabula rasa: blank mind; knowledge is derived from our environment; people are molded by their experiences and environmet | |
| 574466891 | Voltaire | Philosophic Letters on the English: admired English's freedom of press, political freedom and religious toleration; criticized absolutist France and lack of freedom of though and religious tolerance | |
| 574466893 | Deism | created by Voltaire; a religious outlook built on the Newtonian world-machine,that existence of a mechanic (God) who had created the universe; God has no direct involvement in the world he has created and allows it to run on its own natural laws; Jesus was not divine | |
| 574466895 | Denis Diderot | attacked Christianity; wrote the Encyclopedia with the purpose to "change the general way of thinking"; criticized French society; prices were reduced making it available to doctors, teachers, lawyers, etc. which helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment | |
| 574466897 | David Hume | Treatise of Human Nature; observation and reflection of human life would help the understanding of human nature which would form the "science of man" | |
| 574466899 | Quesnay | leader of the Physiocrats; believed agricultural production was main source of wealth but rejected mercantilism emphasis on money as primary wealth; individuals should be free to pursue their own economic self-interest | |
| 574466901 | laissez-faire | created by Quesnay and the Physiocrats; government should not be involved in economy; "let people do as they choose" | |
| 574466904 | Adam Smith | The Wealth of Nations attacked mercantilism and supported laissez-faire; supported use of tariffs to protect home industries; laid foundation for economic liberalism | |
| 574466906 | Baron Paul d'Holbach | preached doctrine of strict atheism and mercantilism; System of Nature: everything in the universe consisted of matter in motion; God was a product of the human mind and was unnecessary for leading a moral life | |
| 574466908 | Marie-Jean de Condorcet | Progress of the Human Mind: written during Reign of Terror; humans had progressed through nine stages of history, tenth stage is the one of perfect | |
| 574466911 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Social Contract: individual liberty with governmental authority; an entire society to be governed by its general will; liberty was achieved through being forced to follow what was best for all people | |
| 574466913 | Rousseau's Emile | Enlightenments most important works on education; education should foster a child's natural instinct rather than restrict it; balance between heart and mind, sentiment and reason; women were mothers rather than intellectuals | |
| 574617712 | Mary Wollstonecraft | founder of modern feminism; Vindication of the Rights of Women: women have reason and therefore should have equal rights with men in education and in economic and political life | |
| 574617713 | Marie-Therese de Geoffrin | creator salons that welcomed philosophes to discuss ideas of the Enlightenment and helped spread the ideas | |
| 574617714 | Antoine Watteau | Rococo artistic views were apparent in his work as he viewed aristrocratic lifestyle as refined, sensual, civilized but the element of sadness was portrayed as well | |
| 574617715 | Rococo | emphasized grace and gentle action; rejected strict geometrical patterns and had a fondness for curves; high secular; lightness and charm spoke of the pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love | |
| 574617716 | Jacques-Louis David | neoclassical artist wanting to recapture dignity and simplicity of Classical style of ancient Rome and Greece; Oath of the Horatii: re created scene from Roman history where three Horatius brothers swore oath before father proclaiming their willingness to sacrifice their lives for their country | |
| 574617717 | Johann Sebastian Bach | music worshipped God; Mass in B Minor; his task in life was to make "well-ordered music in the honor of God" | |
| 574617718 | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | child prodigy; greatest operas were Marriage of Figaro, Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni; composed with ease of melody and blend of grace, precision, and emotion that no one else has achieved | |
| 574617719 | Edward Gibbon | Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: Christianity as the major reason for Rome's eventual collapse; by reflecting on the decline and fall of Rome, his hope for the future of European civilization remained optimistic | |
| 574617720 | Cesare Beccaria | On Crimes and Punishment: punishments should not serves as exercises in brutality; opposed capital punishment for it was an example of barbarism; imprisonment made a lasting impression |
