Terms : Hide Images
| 6625737919 | Geologic time scale | precambrian, paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic | 0 | |
| 6625737920 | zones of the earth | core, mantle, crust, | 1 | |
| 6625737921 | lithosphere | upper mantle and crust | 2 | |
| 6625737922 | plate tectonics | plates of crust moves over time | 3 | |
| 6625737923 | divergent plate boundary | plates move apart, found in spreading ocean ridges | 4 | |
| 6625737924 | convergent plate boundary | two plates collide, cause earthquakes | 5 | |
| 6625737925 | transform plate boundary | two plates slide past on another | 6 | |
| 6625737926 | earthquake | movement of earth along a fault | 7 | |
| 6625737927 | focus | where earthquake begins | 8 | |
| 6625737928 | epicenter | point on surface directly above focus | 9 | |
| 6625737929 | seismic waves | s: move slowly, p:rapid condension | 10 | |
| 6625737930 | tsunami | giant sea wave produced by an earthquake | 11 | |
| 6625737931 | magma | molten rock | 12 | |
| 6625737932 | lava | magma once it reaches earths surface | 13 | |
| 6625737933 | parts of volcano | magma chamber, pipe, vent, crater | 14 | |
| 6625737934 | shield volcanos | gentle slopes, non-violent eruptions. (Hawaii) | 15 | |
| 6625737935 | cinder cone volcano | steep slides, explosive eruptions | 16 | |
| 6625737936 | composite volcano | large, explosive eruptions | 17 | |
| 6625737937 | factors influencing volcano eruption types | chemistry, temp, preassure | 18 | |
| 6625737938 | volcanoes generally found | ring of fire, plate boundaries | 19 | |
| 6625737939 | igneaous rock | formed by cooling magma | 20 | |
| 6625737940 | sedimentary rock | form when rocks weather, erode, contain fossils | 21 | |
| 6625737941 | metamorphic rock | form when igneous or sedimentary rock is subjected to high heat and pressure | 22 | |
| 6625737942 | minerals | hard inorganic substances composing rock | 23 | |
| 6625737943 | metallic minerals | include iron,aluminum, gold | 24 | |
| 6625737944 | nonmetallic resources | salt, sulfur, phosphate | 25 | |
| 6625737945 | mining minerals | if extract from public lands no fees paid | 26 | |
| 6625737946 | weathering | breaking of rock into smaller parts, chemical weathering due to acid rain, freezing water in rock craks | 27 | |
| 6625737947 | rock cycle | igneous rocks prodiced by tectonic cycle, mechanical and chemical weathering , transported away by erosion, sediments accumulate and form sedimentary rock, altered by heat/pressure and forms igneous rock | 28 | |
| 6625737948 | soil formation | rock weathers into small fragments combined with organic material from dead plants/animals forms soil | 29 | |
| 6625737949 | soil horizons | series of layers | 30 | |
| 6625737950 | topsoil | surface layer, rich in organic matter | 31 | |
| 6625737951 | subsoil | layer below surface layer, little organic matter | 32 | |
| 6625737952 | soil texture | determined by amounts of sand, silt, and clay, if amonts of these three equal, called a loam | 33 | |
| 6625737953 | sand | particles .2-2 mm diameter, water moves through rapidly | 34 | |
| 6625737954 | silt | smaller than sand, moderate water holding capacity | 35 | |
| 6625737955 | clay | smallest soil particles, water moves through soil slowly | 36 | |
| 6625737956 | loam | soil containing 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay | 37 | |
| 6625737957 | porosity | amount of pore space between soil grains | 38 | |
| 6625737958 | water holding capacity | ability of sol to hold water | 39 | |
| 6625737959 | water logging | soil completely saturated with water | 40 | |
| 6625737960 | soil types | grasslands, tropical soil, desert soil | 41 | |
| 6625737961 | humus | organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms | 42 | |
| 6625737962 | castings | humus containing pellets in soil from earthworms | 43 | |
| 6625737963 | illuviation | deposit of leached material in lower soil layers | 44 | |
| 6625737964 | loam | perfect ag soil with equal portions of sand, silt, and clay | 45 | |
| 6625737965 | municipal solid waste | house waste, garbage | 46 | |
| 6625737966 | main component of municipal waste | paper | 47 | |
| 6625737967 | most municipal waste ends in | landfills | 48 | |
| 6625737968 | 3 "R's" | reduce, reuse, recycle | 49 | |
| 6625737969 | recycling and glass | requires lots of energy, best to reuse containers | 50 | |
| 6625737970 | bottle law | law giving cash back for return of bottles | 51 | |
| 6625737971 | recycling and aluminum | requires 97% less energy to recycle aluminum than using virgin materials | 52 | |
| 6625737972 | recycling and paper | easy to recycle, cost effective | 53 | |
| 6625737973 | plastic | difficult to recycle, degrades slowly | 54 | |
| 6625737974 | compost | recycling of organic products to make fertilizer | 55 | |
| 6625737975 | biodegradable | can be broken down by organisms | 56 | |
| 6625737976 | integrated waste management | options for handling solid waste including sanitary landfills, incineration, or recycling | 57 | |
| 6625737977 | sanitary landfill | cover material with soil daily, clay liner on bottom, leachate recovery system to avoid pollution of water | 58 | |
| 6625737978 | methane | CH4 produced from decomposition of organic matter, can be captured to produce energy | 59 | |
| 6625737979 | leachate | mix of water and chemicals, contaminates groundwater | 60 | |
| 6625737980 | incineration | burn waste, problem includes disposal of ash and release of toxins. Benefits, reduces volume of waste and can generate energy | 61 | |
| 6625737981 | waste-to-energy | burn waste to generate energy | 62 | |
| 6625737982 | landfarming | contaminated sol is placed in lined pits and aerated to increase decomposition by microbes | 63 | |
| 6625737983 | deep well injection | inject hazardous waste deep into earth, potential to contaminate groundwater | 64 | |
| 6625737984 | love canal | old canal in NY used a dump for waste, school bough cheap property and built houses, later resulted in chemical burns and birth defects | 65 | |
| 6625737985 | bhopal india | poisonous gas leaked from facility owned by Union Carbide, killed nearly 4 thousand people. seen as example for US disregarding developing nations health | 66 | |
| 6625737986 | brownfield | abandoned or underused piece of land where redevelopment into another use is complicated by suspected environmental contamination | 67 | |
| 6625737987 | NIMBY | not in my back yard | 68 | |
| 6625737988 | NIMTOO | not in my term of office | 69 | |
| 6625737989 | primary cause of food shortage | increases in pop | 70 | |
| 6625737990 | primary food producers | USA, Russia, Canada | 71 | |
| 6625737991 | primary food crops | wheat, corn, rice | 72 | |
| 6625737992 | farming and ecological succession | farming attempts to stop ecological succession | 73 | |
| 6625737993 | sustainable ag | grow crops without degrading land | 74 | |
| 6625737994 | monoculture | planting of a single species | 75 | |
| 6625737995 | aquaculture | aquatic farming, fishing | 76 | |
| 6625737996 | hydroponics | growing plants without soil (water bath) (Weed) | 77 | |
| 6625737997 | terracing | create flat areas on hillsides for farming slow erosion | 78 | |
| 6625737998 | contour farming/plowing | plow along contours of land to prevent erosion | 79 | |
| 6625737999 | no-till ag | farming without plowing land | 80 | |
| 6625738000 | crop rotation | change crops every year to replenish certain nutrients | 81 | |
| 6625738001 | strip cropping | crops grown in strips interspersed with hay at right angles to reduce erosion | 82 | |
| 6625738002 | over cultivation | overuse of land, may lead to desertification | 83 | |
| 6625738003 | clear cutting | cutting all trees in an area, leads to erosion as soil is no longer held in place by roots | 84 | |
| 6625738004 | overgrazing | numbers of livestock more than pasture can support. destroys land | 85 | |
| 6625738005 | second gen pesticide | man made pesticide | 86 | |
| 6625738006 | herbicide | pesticide specific to plants | 87 | |
| 6625738007 | insecticide | pesticide specific to insects | 88 | |
| 6625738008 | fungicide | specific to fungus | 89 | |
| 6625738009 | rodenticide | specific to rodents | 90 | |
| 6625738010 | DDT | type of pesticide, banned in 1969 as it biomagnified up the food chain | 91 | |
| 6625738011 | persistent | does not readily break down in environment | 92 | |
| 6625738012 | resistance | immunity of an organism to a pesticide | 93 | |
| 6625738013 | silent spring | book by rachel carson documenting environmental dangers of pesticide use | 94 | |
| 6625738014 | pesticide alternatives | crop rotation, GMOs, integrated pest managemnet | 95 | |
| 6625738015 | broad-spectrum pesticide | kills both target and non-target insects (including beneficial insects) | 96 | |
| 6625738016 | biological control | control pests using natural predators | 97 | |
| 6625738017 | natural chemical control of pests | use hormones/pheromones to control pests | 98 | |
| 6625738018 | integrated pest management (IPM) | use combo of biological, chem, and cultivitational methods to control pests | 99 | |
| 6625738019 | organic food | food produced without synthetic peticides, Fertilizers, or GMOs | 100 | |
| 6625738020 | Toxicology | study of effect of poisons/toxins and their effects on living organisms | 101 | |
| 6625738021 | synergism | interaction of two different substances where their combined effect is greater that the sum of the individual substances | 102 | |
| 6625738022 | Primary categories of toxic chemicals | organic chemicals, heavy metals, radiation | 103 | |
| 6625738023 | cadmium Cd | heavy metal, often found in ash from coal burning | 104 | |
| 6625738024 | lead Pb | heavy metal causes brain damage, in paint and gas | 105 | |
| 6625738025 | mercury Hg | causes brain damage, nervous system problems | 106 | |
| 6625738026 | chlorinated hydrocarbons | also called organochlorides, synthetic molecules with chlorine that are hazardous, may cause cancer | 107 | |
| 6625738027 | Dioxin | extremely toxic organic chemical, often released by incineration of solid waste | 108 | |
| 6625738028 | PCBs | toxic chemicals that are generally non-biodegradable, contaminate food chains, cause cancer | 109 | |
| 6625738029 | VOCs | chemicals that vaporize into the air such as gasoline, compnent of smog | 110 | |
| 6625738030 | Brownfields | abandoned industrial sites which are contaminated, new development is not practical due to toxic risk | 111 | |
| 6625738031 | Biomagnification | increase in the concentration of a substance up the food chain (DDT in peregrine falcons) | 112 | |
| 6625738032 | dose/response | for a given dose of something, how an organism responds (Flouride and teeth) | 113 | |
| 6625738033 | Dose/response curves | develop by toxicity testing, types include LD-50, TD-50, ED-50 | 114 | |
| 6625738034 | LD-50 | amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test pop | 115 | |
| 6625738035 | TD-50 | amount of a chemical that is toxic to 50% of the animals in a test pop | 116 | |
| 6625738036 | ED-50 | amount of chemical that has an effect on 50% of the animals in a test pop | 117 | |
| 6625738037 | Threshold | level at which below no effect in observed , above an effect is observed | 118 | |
| 6625738038 | acute effects | occur soon after exposure (High dose of radiation soon leads to death) | 119 | |
| 6625738039 | chronic effects | occur overtime (low radiation may lead to cancer sometime in the future) | 120 | |
| 6625738040 | risk assessment | process of determining potential effects to people/environment following exposure to a chemical. steps include: identify hazard, does-response assessment, exposue assessment, risk characterization | 121 | |
| 6625738041 | mutagen, teratogen, carcinogen | causes hereditary changes, fetus deformities, cancer | 122 | |
| 6625738042 | tangible items | easy to put a price on (Value of timber in a forest) | 123 | |
| 6625738043 | intangible items | priceless (looking at something beautiful) | 124 | |
| 6625738044 | direct costs | included in the price of an item | 125 | |
| 6625738045 | indirect costs | not included in price of an item | 126 | |
| 6625738046 | marginal cost | cost to reduce one additional unit of pollution, typically increase greatly as you approach last few units | 127 | |
| 6625738047 | centrally planned economic system | gov controls economy (communism) | 128 | |
| 6625738048 | market system | price of goods based on supply and demand (capitalism) | 129 | |
| 6625738049 | appropriate technology | technology increases productivity of hand labor withougt displacing workers | 130 | |
| 6625738050 | gov options for pollution control | set maximum levels for emissions, require specific pollution control measures | 131 | |
| 6625738051 | cost-benefit analysis | tool for making economic decisions bu comparing costs and benefits of an action, steps include making assumptions, evaluate data, make projections; problems include only economics are included, not ehtics, and may not consider externalities | 132 | |
| 6625738052 | cost-benefit ratio | value of costs divided by value of benefits, if benefits outweigh costs, project economically justified | 133 | |
| 6625738053 | scientific method | 1)define problem, 2) make observations, 3) formulate hypothesis, 4)conduct experiment, 5) conclusion | 134 | |
| 6625738054 | hypothesis | educated guess, must be able to test, often in "if, then" format | 135 | |
| 6625738055 | randomization | eliminates bias when sampling (Important component of sampling design) | 136 | |
| 6625738056 | replication | collect multiple samples to accurately reflect environment | 137 | |
| 6625738057 | control group | all variable kept same, used as a comparison to the treatment group to see if a change has occured | 138 | |
| 6625738058 | treatment group | one variable is altered | 139 | |
| 6625738059 | independent variable | the variable you change, x-axis on graph | 140 | |
| 6625738060 | dependent variable | the variable uou think will be affected by change in independent variable, y-axis | 141 | |
| 6625738061 | in situ analysis | measure in the field | 142 | |
| 6625738062 | grab sample | single sample representing specific time and place | 143 | |
| 6625738063 | composite sample | mix of several samples | 144 | |
| 6625738064 | transect sampling | sample along strait line | 145 | |
| 6625738065 | quad sampling | select a group of representive sections | 146 |
