Mr. Chandler's compiled list of Chap 20 Genetic Research and DNA tech methods
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| 682835254 | Transformation of Plasmid | restriction enzymes fragment DNA allowing genes of interest to be encoded into bacterial DNA for cloning. Advantages: mass production of gene by using a plasmid vector | |
| 682835255 | Nucleic Acid Hybridization | transferring clones of DNA to a multiwell plate. Clones are hybridized by cDNA (probe) that is tagged w/ a radioactive isotope or fluorescent dye. Advantages: helps identify and track the genes of interest. | |
| 682835256 | Electroporation | electrical impulses create openings in plasma membrane so that DNA can be injected directly into cell's genome. Advantages: a technique to use w/o using a vector. | |
| 682835257 | Expression Vectors | application of an active promoter added upstream from the gene to be inserted. Advantge: added to the prokaryotic vector, it allows the host cell to recognize the promoter and express the euk gene | |
| 682835258 | Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | target sequence of DNA can be mass produced by denaturation, annealing, and extension of DNA in vitro. Advantages: method to mass produce a small amount of DNA in a test tube to amplify the gene of interest. | |
| 682835259 | Gel Electrophoresis | fragmenting DNA with restriction enzymes, this mixture of DNA fragments is placed on an agarose gel in an electrical field which separates the fragments based on size into bands. Advantages: helps identify fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) | |
| 682835260 | Southern Blotting | combines gel electrophoresis w/ nucleic acid hybridization. Advantages: allows specific detection of genes w/in fragments | |
| 682835261 | Dideoxy Chain Termination Method for sequencing DNA | process which synthesizes a set of DNA complimentary to the template fragment by incorporating a ddNTP (a modified nucleotide) to the end of the growing chain. Advantages: allows the determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of a gene. | |
| 682835262 | Northern Blotting | mRNA is run through gel electrophoresis is followed by blotting on a nitrocellulose membrane w/ a fluorescent probe. Advantages: can show expression of mRNA at different stages of development. | |
| 682835263 | Reverse Transcriptase PCR | mRNA transcribed backwards using a reverse transcriptase to DNA. PCR amplification followed by gel electrophoresis. Advantages: quicker than Northern Blotting because it requires less mRNA to run the test. | |
| 682835264 | in situ Hybridization | nucleic acid hybridization using probes with fluorescent dyes on mRNA in an intact organism. Advantages: allows the tracking of genes in tissues. | |
| 682835265 | DNA Microarray Assays | small amounts of many mRNA fragments transcribed in reverse forming probe cDNA by nucleic acid hybridization. Advantages: to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously. | |
| 682835266 | in vitro Mutagenesis | introduction of a mutated gene. Advantages: to alter or destroy the gene product to learn the function of the product (protein) | |
| 682835267 | RNA Interference | a newer method to silence the expression of a gene using RNAi to block the translation of a gene. Advantages:to alter or destroy the gene product to learn the function of the product (protein) | |
| 682835268 | Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms SNP- "snips" | looking for a single nucleotide marker (snip) ahead of the gene that may be a mutation for a particular gene. Advantages: discoveries of snips may lead to solutions for many diseases | |
| 682835269 | Totipotent | a method in which cells can dedifferentiate and give rise to specialized cells. Advantages: method used to clone plants. | |
| 682835270 | Nuclear Transplantation | method used to transfer a donor nucleus to an enucleated egg cell. Advantages: method used to clone animals | |
| 682835271 | Pluripotent Stem Cells | classification of embryonic stem cells (ES) because they can differentiate into all types of specialized cells. Advantages: may lead to the advancement and cures of many diseases | |
| 682835272 | Transgenic animals | desired genes directly inserted into fertilized eggs resulting in offspring expressing traits of the transgene. Advantages: transgenic animals are used as a pharmaceutical factory to make the gene product | |
| 682835273 | Short Tandem Repeats (STR) | variations in length of genetic markers. Advantages: used to compare DNA to identify criminals or to settle a question about paternity | |
| 682835274 | Ti Plasmids | a particular plasmid used to introduce new genes into crop plants. Advantages: to help produce plants with desirable traits, resistant to diseases | |
| 682835275 | Genetically Modified (GM) | any plant or animal that has been altered by having genes introduced into it by artificial means. Advantages: cautious approaches need to be considered. |
