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| 889575234 | genetics | the study of heredity |  | 0 |
| 889575235 | heredity | the passing of traits from one generation to the next |  | 1 |
| 889575236 | trait | a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another |  | 2 |
| 889575218 | gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |  | 3 |
| 889575238 | genome | the entire "library" of genetic instructions in DNA that an organism inherits |  | 4 |
| 889575237 | Gregor Mendel | father of genetics |  | 5 |
| 889575239 | allele | alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) located at a specific position on a specific chromosome (a letter) |  | 6 |
| 889575240 | dominant allele | an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different (capital letter) |  | 7 |
| 889575241 | recessive allele | an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical (lowercase letter) |  | 8 |
| 889575242 | genotype | the combination of alleles located on homologous chromosomes that determines a specific characteristic or trait (the allelic combination such as Bb) |  | 9 |
| 889575243 | phenotype | the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by the genotype (the expressed trait such as brown eyes) | | 10 |
| 889575244 | homozygous | term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for the same trait (ex. BB or bb) |  | 11 |
| 889575245 | heterozygous | term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait (ex. Bb) |  | 12 |
| 889575246 | Punnett square | diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross |  | 13 |
| 889575247 | gamete (sex cell) | specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction (sperm or egg) |  | 14 |
| 889575248 | probability | the possibility of different outcomes (percentage or ratio) |  | 15 |
| 889575249 | monohybrid cross | a one-trait cross (ex. color) |  | 16 |
| 889575250 | dihybrid cross | a two-trait cross (ex. color & shape) |  | 17 |
| 889575251 | P generation | parental generation is the first generation involving two individuals that are mated to predict or analyze the genotypes of their offspring |  | 18 |
| 889575252 | F1 generation | first filial generation is the generation resulting immediately from a cross of the first set of parents (P generation) | | 19 |
| 889575253 | F2 generation | second filial generation is the generation resulting from a cross between two F1 individuals | | 20 |
| 889575254 | purebred | offspring that are the result of mating between genetically similar kinds of parents; opposite of hybrid; same as true breeding |  | 21 |
| 889575255 | hybrid | offspring that are the result of mating between two genetically different kinds of parents; opposite of purebred |  | 22 |
| 1151650813 | Principle of Dominance | when individuals with contrasting traits are crossed, the offspring will express only the dominant trait |  | 23 |
| 889575256 | Law of Segregation | states that allele pairs separate, or segregate, during gamete formation |  | 24 |
| 889575257 | Law of Independent Assortment | states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes |  | 25 |
| 889575258 | non-Mendelian inheritance | refers to any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel's laws (ex. incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, sex-linked traits) |  | 26 |
| 889575259 | incomplete dominance | when one allele is not completely dominant over the other, or blending occurs (ex. Red + White = Pink) |  | 27 |
| 889575260 | codominance | occurs when BOTH alleles of a gene are expressed in an individual (ex. Black + White = Black & White Speckled) |  | 28 |
| 889575261 | multiple allele traits | traits that are controlled by more than two alleles (ex. ABO blood typing = A allele, B allele, & O allele) |  | 29 |
| 889575262 | polygenic traits | a trait controlled by two or more genes; produce a wide range of phenotypes |  | 30 |
| 889575263 | sex-linked traits | a trait genetically determined by an allele located on the sex chromosome |  | 31 |
| 889575264 | pedigree chart | a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance or phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next |  | 32 |
| 889575265 | chromatin | unraveled and long DNA (during interphase) |  | 33 |
| 889575266 | chromosome | condensed, coiled, and shorted DNA (this occurs during mitosis and meiosis) |  | 34 |
| 889575267 | chromatids | the two identical halves of a single replicated eukaryotic chromosome and joined at the centromere |  | 35 |
| 889575268 | homologous chromosomes | chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, with genes for the same characteristics at corresponding places (one homologous chromosome is inherited from the mother; the other from the father) |  | 36 |
| 889575273 | daughter cells | new cells |  | 37 |
| 889575270 | mitosis | a type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells each with the same number of chromosomes of the parent cell |  | 38 |
| 889575269 | meiosis | a type of cell division that results in four genetically different daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell (also known as reduction division) |  | 39 |
| 889575271 | sexual reproduction | process by which two cells from different parent unite to produce the first cell of a new organism |  | 40 |
| 889575272 | asexual reproduction | process by which a single parent reproduces by itself | | 41 |
| 889575274 | crossing over | process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis (also called gene shuffling) |  | 42 |
| 889575275 | genetic variation | genetic differences within a species |  | 43 |
| 889575277 | fertilization | a process in sexual reproduction in which a sperm unites with an egg to make the first cell of a new organism, or zygote |  | 44 |
| 889575278 | zygote | fertilized egg |  | 45 |
| 889575279 | somatic cell | body cell (non-sex cell) |  | 46 |
| 889575280 | haploid (N) | term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes (Humans N = 23) |  | 47 |
| 889575281 | diploid (2N) | term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homolgous chromosomes (Humans 2N = 46) | | 48 |
| 889575226 | chromosomal mutation | mutation that affects the number or structure of whole chromosomes |  | 49 |
| 889575227 | deletion chromosomal mutation | a mutation that involves the loss of all or part of a chromosome |  | 50 |
| 889575228 | duplication chromosomal mutation | a mutation that produces extra copies of parts of a chromosome | | 51 |
| 889575229 | inversion chromosomal mutation | a mutation that reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome | | 52 |
| 889575230 | translocation chromosomal mutation | a mutation that occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome | | 53 |
| 889575231 | nondisjunction | the most common error in meiosis and occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate |  | 54 |
| 889575232 | trisomy | a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities |  | 55 |
| 889575287 | polyploidy | condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes because a complete set of chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis (ex. 3N or 4N) |  | 56 |
| 889575283 | DNA fingerprinting | an individual's unique sequence of DNA base pairs, determined by exposing a sample of the person's DNA to molecular probes |  | 57 |
| 889575285 | genetic engineering | the process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms |  | 58 |
| 889575286 | genetically modified organism (GMO) | one that has artificially acquired one or more genes from the same or different species |  | 59 |
| 889575289 | plasmid | circular DNA found in bacteria |  | 60 |
| 889575288 | recombinant DNA | DNA produced by combining DNA from different organisms (DNA is cut out of one organism and recombined with another organism's DNA) |  | 61 |
| 889575290 | enzyme | protein that speeds up chemical reactions in organisms |  | 62 |
| 889575291 | restriction enzyme | DNA-cutting enzymes found in bacteria |  | 63 |
| 889575292 | biotechnology | the use of living organisms or other biological systems in the manufacture of drugs or other products or for environmental management, as in waste recycling |  | 64 |
| 889575293 | karyotype | a picture of an organism's genome and can be used for chromosomal anlysis |  | 65 |
