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| 46704941 | Kuriltai | Meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected | 0 | |
| 46704942 | Khagan | Title of the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes | 1 | |
| 46704943 | Tumens | Basic fighting units of the Mongol forces; consisted of 10,000 cavalrymen; each unit was further divided into units of 1000, 100, and 10 | 2 | |
| 46704944 | Karakorum | Capital of the Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan | 3 | |
| 46704945 | Batu | Ruler of the Golden Horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible got invasion of Russia beginning in 1236 | 4 | |
| 46704946 | Ogedai | Third son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded Chinggis Khan as khagan of the Mongols following his father's death | 5 | |
| 46704947 | Khanate of the Golden Horde | Located in West Russia at the time; one of the regions Chinggis Khan split among his 3 sons and his grandson Batu; are descendents of Jochi, a son of Chinggis. Jochi then died leaving the conquest of Russia to his son Batu, who the led the Mongol armies to victory in Eastern Europe | 6 | |
| 46704948 | Berke Khan | Ruler of the Golden Horde; converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu combined with the growing power of Mameluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East | 7 | |
| 46704949 | Kubilai Khan | Grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of the Mongol forces responsible for the conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established Sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271 | 8 | |
| 46704950 | Chabi | Influential wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted interests of Buddhism in China; indicative of refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Chinese | 9 | |
| 46704951 | White Lotus Society | Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow the Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule | 10 | |
| 46704952 | Ju Yuanzhang | Chinese peasant who led successful revolt against Yuan; founded Ming dynasty | 11 | |
| 46704953 | Ming dynasty | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China | 12 | |
| 46704954 | Timur-I Lang | Leader of Turkic nomads; beginning in 1360s from base at Samarkand, launched series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405 | 13 | |
| 46704955 | Ottoman Turks | Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of the Arab world | 14 | |
| 46704956 | Sufi | Mystics within Islam (?) | 15 | |
| 46704957 | Zenghe | A court eunuch that led series of overseas trade expeditions between 1405 and 1433; only Chinese attempt to create worldwide trade empire | 16 | |
| 46704958 | Black Death | Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure | 17 | |
| 46704959 | Italian Renaissance | A cultural and political movement grounded in urban vitality and expanding commerce; began in Italy during the fourteenth century; the earlier phases involved literary and artistic themes more friendly to the secular world than the previous religiously oriented outlook had been; artists and writers became more concerned with personal reputation and glory; in commerce, merchants sought new markets; city-state governments, eager for increased revenue, supported their expansion | 18 | |
| 46704960 | Francesco Petrarch | One leading 14th century writer; took pride in his city and his age and explored the glories of personal achievement with new confidence | 19 | |
| 46704961 | Giotto | A florentine painter; painted a fly on the nose on one of Cimabue's protrait subjects, and it was so realistic that Cimabue repeatedly tried to swat it away | 20 | |
| 46704962 | Vivaldi | Two Genoese brothers who attempted to find a Western route to the "Indies"; disappeared in 1291; precursors of thrust into southern Atlantic | 21 | |
| 46704963 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Portuguese prince responsible for directions of series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century; marked beginning of Western European expansion | 22 | |
| 46704964 | Cape of Good Hope | Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India | 23 | |
| 46704965 | Vasco de Gama | His fleet of four ships reached India in 1498, with aid of a Hindu pilot picked up in east Africa | 24 | |
| 46704966 | Ferdinand Magellan | Set sail westward in 1519, passing the southern tip of South America and sailing across the Pacific, reaching the Indonesian islands in 1521; it was on this voyage, the first trip around the world, that Spain claimed the Philippines, which it held until 1898 | 25 | |
| 46704967 | Columbian Exchange | Biological and ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to New World; animals, plants, and diseases of two hemispheres were transferred | 26 | |
| 46704968 | Mercantilism | Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe | 27 | |
| 46704969 | Fransisco Pizarro | A violent adventurer; came to Americas in 1502 and settled on the island of Hispaniola; later joined Balboa's colony in Panama; in 1528, returned to Spain to gain king's support and with it attacked and divided the Inca empire with 180 other men; killed emperor Atahuallpa; in 1541, was assassinated by a group of Inca rebels | 28 | |
| 46704970 | Cape Colony | Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus | 29 | |
| 46704971 | Seven Year's War | Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America | 30 | |
| 46704972 | European-style Family | Originated in the 15th century among the peasant and artisans of Western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis in the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married | 31 | |
| 46704973 | Proletariat | Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th century | 32 | |
| 46704974 | Absolutism | Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies | 33 | |
| 46704975 | Enlightement | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior | 34 |
