Terms : Hide Images
| 53248891 | Hispaniola | First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World; p 425 | 0 | |
| 53248892 | Encomiendas | Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies; p 423 | 1 | |
| 53248893 | Hernan Cortez | Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan; p 428 | 2 | |
| 53248894 | Boyars | Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe; p 208 | 3 | |
| 53248895 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina in the 18 century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted western culture influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry; p 411 | 4 | |
| 53248896 | Peter I (the Great) | Son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western Europe models; p 409 | 5 | |
| 53248897 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central America; based on imperial system of Aztecs; p 428 | 6 | |
| 53248898 | Francisco Coronado | Leader of Spanish expeditions into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold; p 428 | 7 | |
| 53248899 | Pedro de Valdivia | Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541; p 429 | 8 | |
| 53248900 | Potosi | Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of new World silver mines; produced 80% of all Peruvian silver; p 434 | 9 | |
| 53248901 | Haciendas | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy; p 432 | 10 | |
| 53248902 | Consulado | Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return; p 435 | 11 | |
| 53248903 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain; p 436 | 12 | |
| 53248904 | Letrados | University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions; p 436 | 13 | |
| 53248905 | Recopilacion | Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies; p 436 | 14 | |
| 53248906 | Council of the Indies | Body within the Castillan government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World; p 436 | 15 | |
| 53248907 | Viceroyalties | Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king of Spain; p 436 | 16 | |
| 53248908 | Capitaincies | Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony; p 437 | 17 | |
| 53248909 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763; p 439 | 18 | |
| 53248910 | Sociedad de castas | American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or white at top, black slaves or Indians at bottom, mixed races in middle; p 441 | 19 | |
| 53248911 | Peninsulares | People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain; p 441 | 20 | |
| 53248912 | Creoles | Whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin America economies; ranked just beneath peninsulares; p 441 | 21 | |
| 53248913 | Amigos del pais | Clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18 century; called for material improvements rather than political reform | 22 | |
| 53248914 | War of Spanish Succession | Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French; p 443 | 23 | |
| 53248915 | Charles III | Spanish enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire; p 443 | 24 | |
| 53248916 | Jose de Galvez | Spanish minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government; p 444 | 25 | |
| 53249556 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution; p 446 | 26 | |
| 53249557 | El Mina | Most important of early Portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa; p 478 | 27 | |
| 53249558 | Nzinga Mvemba | King of Kongo south of Zaire River from 1507 to 1543; converted to Christianity and took title of Alfonso I; under Portuguese influence attempted to Christianize all of kingdom; p 479 | 28 | |
| 53249559 | Royal African Company | Chartered in 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia; p 482 | 29 | |
| 53249560 | Triangular Trade | Commerce linking Africa, the New World colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America for sugar and tobacco transported to Europe; p 484 | 30 | |
| 53249561 | Indies Piece | Term utilized within the complex exchange system established by the Spanish for African trade; referred to the value of an adult male slave; p 483 | 31 | |
| 53250016 | Asante | Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled among Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650; p 482 | 32 | |
| 53250017 | Osei Tutu | Member of Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in Gold Coast region of Africa; responsible for creating unified Asante Empire; utilized Western firearms; p 487 | 33 | |
| 53250018 | Dahomey | Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17 century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves; p 482 | 34 | |
| 53250781 | Asantehene | Title taken by ruler of Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool; p 487 | 35 | |
| 53250782 | Luo Fulani | Established a dynasty among existing Bantu population; | 36 | |
| 53250783 | Usunman Dan Fodio | A studious and charismatic Muslim Fulani scholar; began to preach the reformist ideology in the Hausa kingdoms; his movement became a revolution when in 1804, seeing himself as God's instrument, he preached a jihad against the Hausa kings, who, he felt, were not following the teachings of Muhammad;great upheaval followed in which the Fulani took control of most of the Hausa states of northern Nigeria in the western Sudan | 37 | |
| 53250784 | Khoikhoi | Non-Bantu hunting people who occupied the southern end of Africa; lived bu hunting and sheep herding; | 38 | |
| 53333588 | Boer | Dutch settlers in Cape Colony; p 400 | 39 | |
| 53333589 | Great Trek | Movement of Boers settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal; p 491 | 40 | |
| 53333590 | Mfecane | Wars of 19 century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa; p 492 | 41 | |
| 53333591 | Middle Passage | Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas (16-18 centuries); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture; p 494 | 42 | |
| 53333592 | Salt water Slaves | Slaves transported from Africa; almost invariably black; p 495 | 43 | |
| 53333593 | Creole Slaves | American-born descendants of "salt water" slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women or process of miscegenation; p 495 | 44 | |
| 53333594 | Obeah | African religious ideas and practices in the English and French Caribbean islands; p 499 | 45 | |
| 53333595 | Palmares | Kingdom of runaway slaves with a population of 8,000 to 10,000 people; located in Brazil during the 17 century; leadership was Angolan; p 499 | 46 | |
| 53333596 | William Wilberforce | British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament; led abolition of English slave trade in 1807; p 500 | 47 | |
| 53333597 | Ottoman Turks | Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1250s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of the Arab world; p 449 | 48 | |
| 53333598 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire; p 453 | 49 | |
| 53335157 | Janissaries | Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15 century; p 454 | 50 | |
| 53335158 | Viziers | Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir; head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after 15 century often more powerful than sultan; p 454 | 51 | |
| 53335159 | Chaldiran | Site of battle between Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Safavids severely defeated by Ottomans; checked western advance of Safavid Empire; p 460 | 52 | |
| 53335160 | Abbas the Great | Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid to greatest extent; created slave regiment based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology; p 463 | 53 | |
| 53335161 | Mullahs | Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism; p 464 | 54 | |
| 53335162 | Imams | According to Shi'ism, rulers who could trace descent from Ali; p 464 | 55 | |
| 53335163 | Isfahan | Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city laid out according to shah's plan; example of Safavid architecture; p 464 | 56 | |
| 53335164 | Babur | Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530; p 467 | 57 | |
| 53335165 | Humayan | Son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but restored Mughal rule by 1556; died shortly after from falling down a flight of stairs; p 468 | 58 | |
| 53335166 | Akbar | Son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to created new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India; p 468 | 59 | |
| 53339629 | Din-i-llahi | Religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of the many faiths of the subcontinent; key to efforts to reconcile Hindus and Muslims in India, but failed; p 469 | 60 | |
| 53339630 | Nur Jahan | Wife of Jahangir; amassed power in court and created faction of male relatives who dominated Mughal empire during later years of Jahangir's reign; p 472 | 61 | |
| 53339631 | Taj Mahal | Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal; p 472 | 62 | |
| 53339632 | Aurangzeb | Son and successor of Shah Jahan in Mughal India; determined to extend Mughal control over whole of subcontinent; wished to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare exhausted empire despite military success; died in 1707; p 471 | 63 | |
| 53339633 | Sikhs | One of the sects that rose in the northwest; further strained the declining resources of an imperial system that was clearly overextended; early leaders originally tried to bridge the differences between Hindu and Muslim; Mughal persecution of this sect, which was seen as religiously heretical and a political threat to the dynasty, eventually transformed this sect into a staunchly anti-Muslim force within the subcontinent; p 474 | 64 | |
| 53339634 | Goa | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on western Indian coast, 16 century; sites for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network; p 507 | 65 | |
| 53339635 | Dutch Trading Empire | Based on control of fortified and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of limited number of products - particularly spices; p 509 | 66 | |
| 53339636 | Francis Xavier | Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in 1540s among the outcaste and lower caste groups; made little headway among elites; p 512 | 67 | |
| 53339637 | Hongwu | First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry; p 514 | 68 | |
| 53339638 | Macao | One of two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty; starts with M; p 519 | 69 | |
| 53339639 | Canton | One of two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty; starts with c; p 519 | 70 | |
| 53339640 | Toyotomi Hideyoshi | General under Nobunaga; succeeded as leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constructed a series of alliances that made him military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598; p 525 | 71 | |
| 53339641 | Tokugawa Ieyasu | Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1613 and established family shogunate; established political unity in Japan; p 525 | 72 | |
| 53339642 | Edo | Tokugawa capital city; modern day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate; p 525 | 73 | |
| 53339643 | School of National Learning | New ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imports such as Confucianism; typical of Japan in 18 century; p 527 | 74 |
