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HOSA Forensic Medicine 2014 Flashcards

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3650504574Odontologydentistry; study of the biology and repair of teeth0
3650504575Dentitioncomplement of teeth of an individual1
3650504576Bite Marksusually horse-shoe shaped pattern left in inanimate objects or the tissue of a victim2
3650504577Negligencefailure to treat the patient at the highest level of care and competency3
3650504578Prognosispredicted outcome of a patient's condition4
3650504579Primary Dentitionthe 20 baby teeth5
3650504580Permanent Dentitionthe 32 adult teeth6
3650504581Maxillaupper jaw7
3650504582Mandiblelower jaw8
3650504583Enamelouter covering of the crown of the tooth9
3650504584Cementumouter covering of the roof of the tooth10
3650504585Sharpey's Fibersspecialized fibers that connect both the tooth and the alveolar bone to the periodontal ligament11
3650504586Periodontal Ligamentsspecialized connective tissue ligament that holds the tooth in the alveolus12
3650504587Alveolusbony socket in either the maxilla or mandible that holds the tooth13
3650504588Pulpneurovascular tissue in the center of the tooth14
3650504589Commissurecorner of the mouth15
3650504590Ramus of the Mandiblevertical portion of the lower jaw that communicates with the skull16
3650504591Vestibulecircular space formed by the meeting of the jaw and the cheeks17
3650504592Avulsedexpelled or removed18
3650504593Antemortembefore death19
3650504594Perimortemat or around the time of death20
3650504595Dedicated Dimensional Standardlabeled ruler that is used in all analyses and photographs for a given bite mark case21
3650504596Standard of Caremedical or psychological treatment guideline; can be general or specific; specifies appropriate treatment based on scientific evidence and collaboration between medical and/or psychological professionals involved in the treatment of a given condition22
3650504597Forensic Toxicologyexamination of all aspects of toxicology (the study of drugs and poisons that may have legal implications)23
3650504598Postmortem Drug Testingexamination performed on blood, urine, and/or body tissues to determine if drugs were a contributing factor in a death24
3650504599Contrabandin forensic toxicology and drug testing facilities refers to suspected controlled25
3650504600Vitreous Humorocular fluid (fluid in the eye) that is often utilized as a sample for testing in postmortem toxicology26
3650504601Workplace Drug Testingexamination performed on primary blood and urine from employees or job applicants for drug content27
3650504602NIDAnational institute of drug abuse28
3650504603Accuracyability of a measurement to match the value of the quantity measured; correctness29
3650504604Amphetaminecontrolled substance along with its analogs , such as methamphetamine that creates a state of wakefulness, euphoria, and excitatory condition (stimulation)30
3650504605Hallucinogenpsychoactive drug that induces hallucinations or alters sensory experiences31
3650504606Narcoticaddictive substance that reduces pains, alters mood and behavior, and usually induces sleep or stupor32
3650504607Cannabinoidsterm applied to marijuana and parts of the plant cannabis sativa in which tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active agent33
3650504608PhencyclidinePCP; drug originally developed as a surgical anesthetic that was discontinued due to adverse patients reactions; abusers of the drug often experience severe psychiatric manifestations34
3650504609CyanideCN; highly toxic chemical especially in the form of gas (hydrogen cyanine)35
3650504610Chain of Custodydocumented process the evidence goes through from the point of gathering to the final presentation in the court; intended to assure that there has been no tampering or altering the evidence36
3650504611Gas Chromatographygas flowing through a coated tube separates compounds by their size, weight, and chemical reactivity with the coating of the tube or column37
3650504612Immunoassaystests utilizing antibodies that react with the drug or substance that recognizes the antibody38
3650504613Fluorescenceproperty of a product producing light when acted upon by radiant energy39
3650504614Chemiluminescenceprocess by which light is emitted as a product of a chemical reaction40
3650504615TLCwet chemical test known as thin layer chromatography41
3650504616Ultravioletarea of the light spectrum just past visible violet and before the x-ray region42
3650504617Enhancementrendering an impression more visible through physical, photographic, chemical, or digital methods43
3650504618Retention Timetime required for a substance to travel from the injection port to the detector in a gas or liquid chromatographic system44
3650504619Mass Spectrometrytechnique based of the detection of vaporized molecules and their ionized (charged) fragments; detection and display of the spectra are based on the mass-to-mass charge ratios of the ions; method is specific for qualitative analysis and useful for quantitative analysis45
3650504620Chemical Ionizationa type of mass spectrometry in which a molecule reacts under relatively low energy with a reagent gas rather than fragmenting extensively46
3650504621NISTnational institute of standards and technology47
3650504622LC-MSliquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is a technique that replaces a gas chromatograph with a liquid chromatograph48
3650504623AASatomic absorption spectroscopy; technique for metal analysis utilizing the reduction of a metal in a solution to an atom, usually by a flame49
3650504624NAAneutron activation analysis; technique for metal analysis utilizing the characteristics of emitted radiation for the detection and quantitation of metals50
3650504625Nucleuscellular organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope; it encloses the chromosomes during the interphase51
3650504626ICP-MSinductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy; modern technique for metal analysis that utilizes radio frequency energy for the detection and quantitation of metals52
3650504627Isotopeschemical element that exits in alternate forms containing identical numbers of protons and different numbers of neutrons53
3650504628Toxicogenomicsfield of science that deals with how genomes respond to toxins54
3650504629LD50quantity of a substance that kills 50 percent of the population55
3650504630GC-MSacronym for gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry56
3650504631Who was the first to use fingerprinting as a method of identification on a large scale?Sir William Hershel-185657
3650504632Who was the first to devise a method of classification based on fingerprints?Dr. Henry Faulds-188058
3650504633Who's was the first official use of a fingerprint in the United States?Gilbert Thompson-188259
3650504634What were Sir Francis Galton's calculations of the odds of two individual fingerprints being the same?1 in 64 billion60
3650504635Who began the first fingerprint files?Juan Vucetich -189161
3650504636When was the first criminal fingerprint identification made?189262
3650504637When was the introduction of fingerprints for criminal identification in England and Wales?190163
3650504638What is the classification system for fingerprinting used in all English speaking countries called?Henry Classification System64
3650504639What does AFIS stand for?Automated Fingerprint Identification System65
3650504640What does the AFIS do?Provides: -Automated fingerprint search -latent print searching capability -electronic image storage -electronic exchange of fingerprints and responses 24/766
3650504641What does the acronym CPIN stand for? How does it work?C-Commonwealth P-Photo I-Imaging N-Network A computer network that extends PA and is used to record and store digital photos of crime suspects67
3650504642Ballisticsthe science that deals with the motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles, most often firearms and bullets.68
3650504643Odontologyin forensics, examination of bite marks and dental identification of corpses.69
3650504644Pathologyinvestigation of sudden, unexplained, or violent death.70
3650504645Entomologythe study of insects.71
3650504646Palynologythe study of pollen and spores.72
3650504647Polygraphythe use of the "lie detector". Polygraph = lie detector73
3650504648LacerationCaused by a blunt object74
3650504649Incised woundsCaused by a sharp object75
3650504650Perforating gunshot woundHas an entrance and an exit wound76
3650504651Penetrating gunshot woundDoes not have an exit wound.77
3650504652Mechanism of DeathBiochemical or physiologic abnormality produced by the cause of death that is incompatible with life78
3650504653Manner of Death MODThe fashion in which the cause of death came to be.79
3650504654Rigor mortisStiffening of the muscles that occurs following the death of a person. The glycogen in the body is not reformed leaving muscles stiff80
3650504655Livor MortisDiscoloration of the body which occurs from te settling of red blood cells after the blood stops circulating. Lividity becomes fixed at 12hrs81
3650504656Algor MortisCooling of the body that occurs after death. This obviously varies greatly.82
3650504657Mechanical traumasCan be sharp or blunt. Blunt traumas are further divided into firearm and non-firearm.83
3650504658Non-penetrating traumasCan be sharp or blunt. Blunt traumas are further divided into firearm and non-firearm.84
3650504659GSRGun shot residue Gun powder leftover from shooting a gun85
3650504660DOADead on arrival, Death on Arrival86
3650504661Cannabismarujuana;pot87
3650504662Teratogenan agent that can cause birth defects in an embryo or fetus. two well-known examples are alcohol and thalidomide.88
3650504663AlkaloidExamples are cocaine, nicotine, strychnine, caffenine, and morphine.89
3650504664Analgesicsdrugs that relieve pain.90
3650504665Presumptive Testtest that presumes the presence of the questioned substanced; also called a screening test.91
3650504666Osteonsstructures in bones that carry the blood supply.92
3650504667Femurlong bone found in the leg extending from the hip to the knee.93
3650504668Tibialong bone found in the leg extending from the knee to the ankle.94
3650504669Humeruslong bone found in the arm extending from the shoulder to the elbow. upper arm95
3650504670Radiuslong bone found in the arm extending from the elbow to the wrist.96
3650504671Os Pubisarea on the anterior side of the pelvis where the hip bones come together.97
3650504672Ventral Arca bony ridge that is formed on the ventral (lower) side of the female os pubis.98
3650504673Epiphysesgrowth plates found at the ends of the long bones. they form in adolescence and fuse to the bone during early adulthood.99
3650504674Diaphysisthe shaft of a long bone.100
3650504675Iliac Crestfound on the top of the hip bone.101
3650504676Claviclealso known as the collarbone; its medial ends meet in the center of the body.102
3650504677Suturesimmovable joints where bonesare joined together. they are visible as seams on the surface.103
3650504678Symphysisa place where two bones meet and may rub together.104
3650504679Caucasoiddescriptor for people of European, Middle Eastern, and East Indian descent.105
3650504680Negroiddescriptor for people of African, Aborigine, and Melanesian descent.106
3650504681Monogoloiddescriptor for people of Asian, Native American, Polynesian descent.107
3650504682Modus Operandi (MO)the characteristic method of operation of a criminal; sometimes referred to as MO.108
3650504683Statutory Lawlegislative acts declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something.109
3650504684Common Law or Case LawType of law that is formulated by judges or determined by court decisions.110
3650504685Civil LawA law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights.111
3650504686Criminal LawCodes of behavior related to the protection of property and individual safety112
3650504687Misdemeanora minor crime, less than a felony, usually punished with a fine or confinement other than in a prison.113
3650504688Felonya serious crime, such as murder, punishable by more than one year of imprisonment up to excution.114
3650504689What is the two-pronged test that foresic pathologists use?First, is the death sudden. Second, was the death expected.(i.e. if person had been diagnosed with cardiovascular disease then death would have been expected even if sudden.115
3650504690What two methods to pathologist use to obtain DNA from victim for future DNA analysis?A drop of blood or a hair with the blub still attached116
3650504691What are the three major subgroupings of forensic psychiatry?Criminal forensic psychiatry, civil forensic psychiatry, administrative forensic psychiatry.117
3650504692Dactyloscopythe study of fingerprints. the word is drived from the Greek daktulos, meaning finger.118
3650504693Anthropometrythe study of human body measurements. the word is derived from the Greek anthropos, meaning man.119
3650504694Loopfingerprint pattern with one or more ridges entering from one side, curving, then going out on the same side entered.120
3650504695Deltatriangular area found in all loop and whorl patterns121
3650504696Corearea found near the center of all loop and whorl patterns.122
3650504697Whorlfingerprint pattern with at least two deltas and a core.123
3650504698Archleast common and simpliest fingerprint pattern. they have no delta or core. all ridges enter one side and exit the other.124
3650504699Visible Printfingerprint left by a finger that has touched blood, paint, ink, or the like.125
3650504700Latent Printfingerprint made by the deposit of perspiration or body oils; invisible to the naked eye until developed.126
3650504701Minutiaein description of fingerprints, ridge characteristics.127
3650504702Bifurcationscommon minutiae, shaped like a two-pronged fork.128
3650504703Locard Exchange Principlethere is always a cross transfer of evidence between suspect and victim or locale.129
3650504704Cuticle (Hair)tough, clear outside covering of the hair shaft.130
3650504705Cortex (Hair)middle layer of the hair shaft that provides strength; compromises most of the hair mass.131
3650504706Medulla (Hair)the spongy anterior core of hair that gives it flexibilty; appears as a canal in the middle of the shaft.132
3650504707KeratinA fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails is133
3650504708False Positivea test result that comes out positive when it should not; often caused by comtamination or failure to run a control.134
3650504709Catalysta small amount of a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being used up in the process.135
3650504710Viscositythe resistance of a fluid to flow. water is low relative to syrup. heating generally lowers this of a liquid.136
3650504711Homopolymerspolymers made up of one type of repeating unit. each is made from one monomer only.137
3650504712Polyethersa series of carbon atoms connected by oxygen atoms.138
3650504713ChromatographyA technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture based on the tendency of each component to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material.139
3650504714Eluteto extract one material from another, usually by means of a solvent.140
3650504715Designer Drugdrugs synthesized with particular pharmacological characteristics, designed for abuse and evasion of specific drug laws.141
3650504716Cheliloscopythe study of lip prints, from the Greek word cheilos, meaning lip.142
3650504717Conchoidal FractureA curved fracture surface; looks like the inside of a clam shell143
3650504718Hemoglobinthe oxygen carrier that gives red blood cells their color. it is composed of four globen (protein) chains, each with heme group.144
3650504719Precipitin Testtest that distingushes between human and animal blood145
3650504720Chemiluminescencethe emmission of light from a chemical reaction. within an organism such as a firefly. it is called bioluminescence.146
3650504721Antigensforeign substances in the body that are capable of causing disease. the presence of antigens triggers an immune response, usually the production of antibodies.147
3650504722Agglutinatean allergic reaction where red blood cells clump together, usually in response to a particular antibody.148
3650504723Serologythe laboratory study of body fluids using specific antigen and serum antibody reactions.149
3650504724Erythrocytesred blood cells.150
3650504725LeukocytesWhite Blood Cells151
3650504726ABOa basic classification system for blood types based upon the reaction of antigens and antibodies.152
3650504727Taxonomythe classification ont things in an orderly way that indicates natural relationships.153
3650504728Carrionthe carcass of a dead and decaying animal.154
3650504729Postmortem Interval (PMI)the time elapsed since a person has died.155
3650504730CaliberA measure of the inside diameter of a firearm barrel156
3650504731Borethe interior diameter of a gun barrel.157
3650504732GaugeA measure related to the diameter of the bore and the size of the shotshell designed for that bore158
3650504733Shotlead spheres in a shotgun shell.159
3650504734Sluga single shot or bullet in a shotgun shell.160
3650504735Striaeparallel sets of scratches on a bullet caused by unique markings in the bore of a rifled weapon.161
3650504736Head Stampnumerals, letters, and symbols on the base of a cartridge showing the manufacturer, caliber, and code.162
3650504737Breechportion of the gun that contains the firing mechanism.163
3650504738Magazinea container that holds cartridges under spring pressure to be fed into the gun's chamber; also called a clip.164
3650504739Chamberpart of the firearm that contains a cartridge for firing.165
3650504740Blind Forgeryone made without a model of this signnature or writing being forged.166
3650504741Forgeryan item prepared with the intent to deceive or defraud. it can be an autograph, a book, a painting, a baseball card, a stamp, an antique, or almost anything.167
3650504742Simulated Forgeryone made by copying a genuine signature.168
3650504743Traced Forgeryone made by tracing a genuine signature.169
3650504744Indented Writingimpressions left under paper that has been written on.170
3650504745When were psychologists recognized in court?Jenkins v United States 1962171
3650504746Name the 4 roles of a forensic psychologists.1. Research: investigate legal processes and phenomena 2. Intervention (aka treatment or therapy) 3. Assessment: psychological appraisal 4. Consultation: provide information to agencies including police departments judges, attorneys and jail staff172
3650504747What is the most prevalent area of forensic psychology research?Eyewitness testimony173
3650504748Confession.Admission of guilt • Most damaging piece of evidence in a trial174
3650504749False confession.Admission of guilt by an innocent person175
3650504750Name the 3 primary reasons for a false confession.1. Publicity 2. To end punishment 3. Highly suggestible and stressed176
3650504751Name 2 main roles of a forensic psychologist in assessment.1. Involves test administration 2. Testify as expert witness177
3650504752What are the 3 primary states when testifying as an expert witness?1. Dangerousness: likelihood to cause emotional or physical harm 2. Competency: ability to understand nature and purpose of court proceedings 3. Insanity: legal term for unsoundness of mind such that nature of a (criminal) act was not perceived to be wrong178
3650504753What are the 4 areas of dangerousness?1. Violence 2. Suicide 3. Child and domestic abuse 4. Sexual abuse179
3650504754Name 2 way to be considered for insanity.1. Cannot distinguish fantasy from reality 2. Subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior180
3650504755Name 2 possible verdicts if one is found insane.1. Not guilty by reason of insanity 2. Not guilty by reason of temporary insanity181
3650504756SignatureUnique manner in which a person commits crime to emotionally fulfill himself182
3650504757Who was the Vampire of Sacramento? Give some background information.• Richard Trenton Chase • Unemployed, white male, 27 years old • Lived alone, 1 block from killings • Found body parts and bloodstained blender, calendar with more dates183
3650504758What is Algor mortis? Time FrameDefiniton:Decrease in body temperature after death Time:Body cools at a rate of 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit per hour for the first 12 hours then 1 degree Fahrenheit per hour for the next 12 to 18 hours184
3650504759What is Livor Mortis? Time Frame?Definition:Purple/red discoloration in the dependent areas of the body due to accumulation of blood after cardiac activity has ceased Time:Begins between 30 minutes to 2 hours after death Usually "fixed" by 8 to 12 hours after death185
3650504760What are the specific types of lividity and what causes them?Cherry red lividity: carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide poisoning and cold temperatures ~Minimal lividity: hypovolemic shock or anemia186
3650504761What was the first published account involving a convition based on bite marks as evidence.Doyle v. State; Texas, 1954187
3650504762PathologyThe study of disease188
3650504763BiopsyExamination of a tissue sample189
3650504764TheoryA set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena190
3650504765AutopsyAn examination of the body after death usually with such dissection as will expose the vital organs for determining the cause of death.191
3650504766Cytopathologystudy of the diseases of cells192
3650504767Clinical pathologyInvolves the analysis and interpretation of the chemical, hormonal, and biochemical components of body fluids to determine whether a disease is present193
3650504768MicrobiologyInvolves the testing and diagnosis of material to determine which infectious organism is infecting or investing the patient194
3650504769HistopathologyMicroscopic analysis of diseased tissue195
3650504770HematopathologyDiagnosis blood disease And blood forming organs196
3650504771NeuropathologistFocuses on disease of the nervous system197
3650504772DermatopathologyFocuses on skin diseases198
3650504773Forensic pathologyMain effort is to determine the cause of death and the circumstances of how the death occurred199
3650504774CoronerWord comes a from the Anglo-Norman word corouner, a word derived from coroune ("crown"). May not be physician/ pathologist. Usually decides if an autopsy is needed then hires a hospital/ forensic pathologist to perform. Is given past medical records and injuries200
3650504775Medical ExaminerForensic pathologist (death investigator) Does not work from a medical chart. Examining clothes is very important in establishing how the death occurred201
3650504776CTComputed tomography202
3650504777MRIMagnetic Resonance Imaging203
3650504778Postmortem intervalTime of death204
3650504779Algor mortisCooling of the body; normal temp is approx 98.6° and this is maintained 1-3 hours after death then the body begins to cool at a rate of approx 1° per hour205
3650504780Livor mortisDiscoloration of the body; occurs when the heart stops beating, the blood stops circulating and stagnates.206
3650504781Rigor mortisStiffening of the body; begins 20 minutes after death with the smaller muscles of the jaw then continues over the next 6-12 hours and over the next 12-24 hours disappears ually in the same way it appeared207
3650504782Postmortem lividitythe setting of the blood in the body after death, which results in a blue/purple discoloration of the skin208
3650504783ContusionA black or blue injury209
3650504784Cadaveric spasmThe muscles contract forcibly at the moment of death210
3650504785AutolysisSelf loosen; occurs inside the body and affects internal organs, including the brain.211
3650504786MarblingGreenish discoloration begins around the belly button and the numerous veins beneath the skin become visible and may also show greenish discoloration212
3650504787MummificationThe skin shrinks and dries, occurs under specific environmental conditions213
3650504788AdipocereWaxy fat; happens with bodies under water214
3650504789FloatersDecomposed bodies ; wet floaters found in water and dry floaters are found on land215
3650504790Maceratedsoftening and breaking down of skin from prolonged exposure to moisture216
3650504791SkeletonizationThe end result of decomp.. Accelerated by bugs who have infested the body.217
3650504792Forensic entomologistPerson who studies bugs; can determine the approximate postmortem interval based on the type and stage of the insect larvae present218
3650504793Presumptive IDIdentification found on a persons unidentifiable body that is not considered an ID. A positive ID must be made, usually done by friends or relatives.219
3650504794Forensic odontologistForensic dentist; can examine and x-ray the teeth and compare to files of the deceaseds local dentist.220
3650504795Forensic anthropologistPerson who studies bones; can help determine the age, sex, race, and approx height. PHYSICAL anthro can reconstruct an accurate face from a skull.221
3650504796Manner of deathHow death occurred; 5 possibilities - natural -accidental -suicide -homicide -undetermined222
3650504797PericardiumFirbrous sac that encloses the heart. Opened during an autopsy to remove the heart.223
3650504798ArteriosclerosisHardening of the arteries224
3650504799Myocardial InfarctionThe blockage of blood to the heart resulting I'm the death of the heart muscle225
3650504800Small intestinesDuodenum, jejunum, and ileum226
3650504801MeningesMembranes that surround the brain.227
3650504802Dura mater(Meninges) lies just beneath the internal surface of the skull; firm, touch, and fibrous membrane that covers the outside of the brain.228
3650504803Epidural hemmorhageHemorrhage due to trauma between the dura mater and the skull229
3650504804Subdural hemorrhageBlood lies below the dura mater230
3650504805ArachnoidTwo filmy, thin, transparent membranes that cover the brain directly below the mater231
3650504806Pia materThe transparent innermost membrane covering the brain232
3650504807LeptomengingesThe almost inseparable combination of the delicate middle arachnoid (spider-web like membrane) and the transparent inner membrane covering the brain, the pia mater233
3650504808Provisional anatomic diagnosesA listing made of the autopsy findings made by a forensic pathologist234

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