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| 14749548939 | What is anatomy? | study of structure | 0 | |
| 14749552561 | Physiology | Study of function | 1 | |
| 14749558392 | Microscopic Anatomy | structures too small to be seen with the naked eye | 2 | |
| 14749560059 | Gross Anatomy | structures that can be seen with the naked eye | 3 | |
| 14749570675 | comparative anatomy | examines similarities and differences in anatomy of species | 4 | |
| 14749576524 | Developmental Anatomy | study of structure changes within an individual from conception through maturity | 5 | |
| 14749586082 | embryology anatomy | study of developmental changes that occur before birth | 6 | |
| 14749592768 | regional anatomy | study of structures within a single region ex. the head and neck or abdomen | 7 | |
| 14749601415 | systemic anatomy | study of structures involved with a specific activity ex. skeletal, digestion or reproduction | 8 | |
| 14749605969 | surface anatomy | study of internal structures as their locations relate to regions of skin or other surface markings | 9 | |
| 14749616935 | What is the structural organization of the human body? | Atoms(smallest unit), molecules, cells, tissue, organs, systems, and organism(largest unit) | 10 | |
| 14749636599 | Example of atoms | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen | 11 | |
| 14749636600 | example of a molecule | H2O | 12 | |
| 14749638085 | example of cells | blood, muscle, nerve | 13 | |
| 14749640406 | example of tissue | cells that come together to perform a function | 14 | |
| 14749646253 | example of organs | heart, lungs, brain( collection of tissues that come together) | 15 | |
| 14749651630 | example of systems | organs that work together to provide a function | 16 | |
| 14749654837 | example of organism | human, bird, fish, tree, flower | 17 | |
| 14749660383 | What is the structural organization of the human body in order? | Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level | 18 | |
| 14749668024 | How many organ systems are in the human body? | 11 | 19 | |
| 14749672130 | What does "Run Mrs. Lidec" stand for? | Respiratory, urinary, nervous, muscular, reproductive, skeletal, lymphatics, integumentary, digestive, endocrinary, circulatory, and cardiovascular | 20 | |
| 14749698586 | What are the characteristics of the anatomic position? | Standing upright, feet parallel and on the floor, head level and looking forward, arms at side of body, palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body | 21 | |
| 14749707174 | What is a section | an actual cut or slice through a structure or a piece removed by slicing a structure | 22 | |
| 14749713388 | what are planes | Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body or an organ. There are three standard anatomic planes. | 23 | |
| 14749732192 | coronal (frontal) plane | divides body into anterior(front) and posterior(back) parts | 24 | |
| 14749739797 | transverse (horizontal) plane | divides the body into superior(upper) and inferior(lower) parts | 25 | |
| 14749746418 | Midsagittal(median) plane | -divides the body into equal left and right halves -other sagittal planes divide the body into unequal left and right parts | 26 | |
| 14749776923 | What are the anatomic directions? | Anterior vs. posterior Superior vs. inferior Medial vs. lateral Proximal vs. distal | 27 | |
| 14749783197 | Anterior | In front of; toward the front surface | 28 | |
| 14749786712 | Posterior | In back of; toward the back surface | 29 | |
| 14749795221 | The stomach is ____ to the spinal cord (anterior or posterior) | anterior | 30 | |
| 14749798055 | The heart is ____ to the sternum (anterior or posterior) | posterior | 31 | |
| 14749800994 | Superior | closer to the head | 32 | |
| 14749803161 | Inferior | closer to the feet | 33 | |
| 14749806247 | the knee is ____ to the ankle (superior or inferior) | superior | 34 | |
| 14749820088 | the stomach is ____ to the heart (superior or inferior) | inferior | 35 | |
| 14749822345 | medial | Toward the midline of the body | 36 | |
| 14749822346 | Lateral | Away from the midline of the body | 37 | |
| 14749827506 | The lungs are ___ to the shoulders (medial or lateral) | medial | 38 | |
| 14749832950 | the arms are___ to the heart (medial or lateral) | lateral | 39 | |
| 14749832951 | proximal | closer to the trunk | 40 | |
| 14749835285 | Distal | away from the trunk | 41 | |
| 14749841501 | the femur is ____ to the tibia (proximal or distal) | proximal | 42 | |
| 14749845850 | the talus is ____ to the tibia (proximal or distal) | distal | 43 | |
| 14749848641 | the elbow is ___ to the hand (proximal or distal) | proximal | 44 | |
| 14749851761 | the wrist is ___ to the elbow (proximal or distal) | distal | 45 | |
| 14749851762 | Dorsal | At the back side of the human body | 46 | |
| 14749855197 | Ventral | At the belly side of the human body | 47 | |
| 14749857963 | Caudal | At the rear or tail end | 48 | |
| 14749861279 | Cranial | At the head end of the body | 49 | |
| 14749862681 | deep | on the inside, underneath another structure | 50 | |
| 14749866034 | superficial | on the outside | 51 | |
| 14749872291 | How many major regions is the body divided into? | 2 | 52 | |
| 14749877436 | axial | Relating to head, neck, and trunk, (the vertical axis of the body) | 53 | |
| 14749881488 | appendicular | upper and lower limbs (appendages) | 54 | |
| 14749893392 | what are the major body cavities? | posterior(cranial and vertebral) and ventral cavities(thoracic and abdominopelvic) | 55 | |
| 14749899847 | cranial cavity | formed by the skull bones, contains the brain | 56 | |
| 14749917780 | Verebral cavity | formed by vertebral column (vertebrae) | 57 | |
| 14749923453 | thoracic cavity | contains heart and lungs (the superior cavity) | 58 | |
| 14749927448 | abdominopelvic cavity | abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity (the inferior cavity) -It's physically separated by the diaphragm | 59 | |
| 14749945266 | ventral cavities(thoracic and abdominopelvic) are lined by a thin _____. | serous membrane | 60 | |
| 14900912593 | parietal layer | lines the internal surface of the body wall | 61 | |
| 14900915936 | visceral layer | covers the external surface of organs in the cavity | 62 | |
| 14900931191 | What do the parietal layer and visceral layer do? | They produce a small amount of fluid to lubricate the organs, and protect against friction. | 63 | |
| 14900946979 | mediastinum | Within the thoracic cavity, where the heart is located in a middle compartment | 64 | |
| 14900959899 | what cavity are the lungs located? | pleural cavity in the thoracic cavity | 65 | |
| 14900982111 | how many serous membranes does the thoracic cavity have? | 2 | 66 | |
| 14900984865 | Pericardium | serous membrane surrounding the heart | 67 | |
| 14900994215 | pleura | serous membrane surrounding the lungs | 68 | |
| 14901002609 | visceral pericardium | covers the surface of the heart | 69 | |
| 14901014893 | perietal pericardium | surrounding heart | 70 | |
| 14901046665 | pericardial cavity | the layers between the visceral pericardium and the perietal pericardium | 71 | |
| 14901056097 | pericardial effusion | abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the pericardial cavity | 72 | |
| 14982184704 | abdominopelvic cavity | two continuous cavities with no physical separation. | 73 | |
| 14982218302 | Abdominal cavity | The superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity | 74 | |
| 14982225740 | pelvic cavity | the inferior part of the abdominopelvic cavity | 75 | |
| 14982249540 | what is the anatomical boundary between the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity? | An imaginary horizontal line drawn across the superior border of both hip bones. | 76 | |
| 14982328661 | The serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity? | peritoneum | 77 | |
| 14982370443 | The outer surface of organs | visceral peritoneum | 78 | |
| 14982406751 | The lining of the internal walls and not directly in contact with the organs is called? | Parietal peritoneum | 79 | |
| 14982425720 | What is the space between the layers of the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum? | peritoneal cavity | 80 | |
| 14982438612 | the study of cells | cytology | 81 | |
| 14982455962 | What are cells measured in and how are they visible? | They are measured in micrometers and only visible by microscopy | 82 | |
| 15002612308 | Light microscopy | visible light passes through the cell | 83 | |
| 15002623420 | transmission elevtron microscopy | -a beam of electrons passes through the cell -can magnify about 100x greater than LM | 84 | |
| 15002642541 | Scanning electron microscopy | beam of electrons bounces off surface of the cell to provide a 3D study of the cell surface | 85 | |
| 15002652818 | What do human body cells do? | covering, lining, storage, movement, connection, defense, communication, reproduction | 86 | |
| 15002677361 | What three basic parts of cells are found in all human cells? | plasma (cell) membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus | 87 | |
| 15002748038 | What are the protein-specific functions of the plasma(cell) membrane? | Transport, intercellular connection, anchorage for the cytoskeleton, enzyme activity, cell-cell recognition, signal transduction | 88 | |
| 15002833468 | What are the two general types of membrane transport? | passive and active transport | 89 | |
| 15002843277 | Passive transport | does not require energy from the cell, materials move from area of higher concentration "down" to area of lower concentration is diffusion | 90 | |
| 15002858638 | active transport | requires energy from the cell, materials are moved up or against concentration gradient | 91 | |
| 15002891199 | What are the 4 types of diffusion? | simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, bulk filtration | 92 | |
| 15002905234 | Simple diffusion | small/nonpolar molecules transported | 93 | |
| 15002918563 | osmosis | movement of water from region of higher to lower concentration | 94 | |
| 15002929051 | facilitated diffusion | large/polar molecules-requires a specific transport protein (integral membrane protein) | 95 | |
| 15002952187 | bulk filtration | Diffusion of both liquids (solvents) and dissolved molecules (solutes) forced across a plasma membrane by hydrostatic pressure | 96 | |
| 15003743242 | active transport | movement of a molecule against the concentration gradient | 97 | |
| 15003773408 | Bulk transport | moves large molecules or bulk structures across the plasma membrane (requires energy from the cell) | 98 | |
| 15003790656 | exocytosis | out of the cell | 99 | |
| 15003795070 | endocytosis | materials are taken into the cell and packaged into vesicles | 100 | |
| 15003842660 | Cytoplasm | all materials between plasma membrane and nucleus | 101 | |
| 15003853012 | what are the materials in the cytoplasm | cytosol, inclusions, organelles | 102 | |
| 15003863710 | cytosol | a viscous like fluid containing many different dissolved substances such as ions, nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, and amino acids | 103 | |
| 15003881372 | inclusions | large storage aggregates of complex molecules found in the cytosol (ex. melanin) | 104 | |
| 15003904783 | organelles | little organs which perform specific functions in the cell (membrane-bound and non-membrane bound) | 105 | |
| 15003931834 | membrane bound organelles | Eukaryotes | 106 | |
| 15003942286 | non-membrane bound organelles | ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosome, proteasomes | 107 | |
| 15065372453 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | A network of intracellular membrane-bound tunnels | 108 | |
| 15065384241 | cisternae | enclosed spaces | 109 | |
| 15065395485 | What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum? | smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum | 110 | |
| 15065398768 | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Walls have a smooth appearance. An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down, and carbohydrates are metabolized. | 111 | |
| 15065424980 | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm | 112 | |
| 15065455718 | Golgi apparatus | Stacked cisternae whose lateral edges bulge, pinch off and give rise to small transport and secretory vesicles. It receives proteins and lipids from the RER for modification, sorting and packaging. | 113 | |
| 15065504674 | Lysosomes | Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts | 114 | |
| 15065515858 | Mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell | 115 | |
| 15065524113 | free ribosomes | float unattached within the cytosol | 116 | |
| 15065535161 | fixed ribosomes | attached to the outer surface of RER | 117 | |
| 15065538568 | cytoskeleton | proteins organized in the cytosol as solid filaments or hollow tubes | 118 | |
| 15065644432 | What are the three main protein types | microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules | 119 | |
| 15065686486 | Centrosome | a pair of centrioles at right angles to each other | 120 | |
| 15065694680 | centriole | nine sets of microtubule triplets(involved in organizing microtubules) | 121 | |
| 15065754786 | What do cilia and flagella do? | help with movement | 122 | |
| 15065758995 | cilia | grouped on cells that move objects across their surface (cells of the respiratory tree and oviduct | 123 | |
| 15065782109 | flagella | longer, usually singular, to propel a cell (ex. sperm) | 124 | |
| 15065800201 | nucleus | Control center of the cell. Contains DNA. | 125 | |
| 15065811591 | Chromatin | Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell | 126 | |
| 15065843647 | Chromosomes | during cell division chromatin coils tightly to form this | 127 | |
| 15065992858 | genes | stretches of DNA that code for proteins | 128 | |
| 15066000293 | How many genes are in the human genome? | 25,000-30,000 (about 6 feet of DNA) | 129 | |
| 15066011767 | Interphase | the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis. | 130 | |
| 15066022672 | mitotic phase | when the cell divides | 131 | |
| 15066043623 | What are the interphase stages | G1, S, G2 | 132 | |
| 15066048817 | G1 phase | The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. | 133 | |
| 15066052516 | S phase | DNA replication | 134 | |
| 15069665719 | Mitotic Phase | Mitotic cell division is the process by which two daughter cells are produced that are genetically identical t the original mother cell | 135 | |
| 15069704282 | What events occur in the mitotic phase? | Mitosis and cytokinesis | 136 | |
| 15069717509 | mitosis | division of nucleus/DNA | 137 | |
| 15069747526 | cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm and the mother cell | 138 | |
| 15069759472 | What stages does mitosis go through? | (PMAT) Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase | 139 | |
| 15069775287 | Prophase | Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle fibers forms | 140 | |
| 15069812943 | Metaphase | Chromosomes line up along the middle of the plate, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of sister chromatids and form an oval structure array called the mitotic spindle. | 141 | |
| 15069855155 | anaphase | Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart to opposite ends of the dividing cell | 142 | |
| 15069870020 | Telophase | the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. | 143 | |
| 15069937153 | Tissue | group of cells performing the same function | 144 | |
| 15069943762 | What are the 4 types of tissues? | epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue | 145 | |
| 15069959394 | What do epithelial cells cover? | All exposed surfaces of the body | 146 | |
| 15069970748 | Apical surface | an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ | 147 | |
| 15069977711 | basal surface | surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane and comes in contact with underlying cells | 148 | |
| 15070069153 | Epithelial cells are avascular which means.. | they are without blood or blood vessels | 149 | |
| 15070082959 | How do epithelial cells get nutrients? | by diffusion or absorption across either the exposed or attached epithelial surface | 150 | |
| 15070091183 | Do epithelial cells have a high capacity to regenerate? | yes, cells at exposed surfaces are easily damaged and can die and they must be replaced. | 151 | |
| 15070130861 | What are the epithelium functions | protection, secretion, sensory detection | 152 | |
| 15070136167 | basement membrane | a specialized structure of epithelium-found between epithelium and underlying connective tissue | 153 | |
| 15070160760 | intercellular junctions | epithelial cells are strongly bound together by specialized connections in the plasma membranes of their lateral surfaces | 154 | |
| 15070184045 | What are the 4 major types of junctions? | tight, adhering, desmosomes, and gap junctions | 155 | |
| 15070211872 | What are the 3 types of epithelial cell shapes? | squamous(flat), cuboidal, columnar | 156 | |
| 15070235180 | simple epithelial cells | single layer of epithelial cells | 157 | |
| 15070243483 | Stratified epithelial cells | more than one layer of epithelial cells | 158 | |
| 15070253463 | simple squamous epithelium | single layer of flat cells with an exposed surface | 159 | |
| 15070261219 | stratified squamous epithelium | multiple layers of flat cells with an exposed surface (ex. skin) | 160 | |
| 15070275476 | ciliated epithelium | moves surface objects in one direction, found on apical surface of many epithelial cells. | 161 | |
| 15070299999 | description of glands | -All glands are epithelial cell in origin -perform a secretory function/release stuff | 162 | |
| 15070321652 | endocrine glands | Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood | 163 | |
| 15070328653 | exocrine glands | Ducted glands that carry products to the epithelial surface | 164 | |
| 15070367542 | duct glands | -Simple:single un-branced duct -compound:branched ducts | 165 | |
| 15070399054 | secretory glands | tubular:tube like acinar:bulbous | 166 | |
| 15070417196 | merocrine | secrete products from vesicles via exotosis | 167 | |
| 15070420873 | holocrine | cell accumulates product then disintegrates | 168 | |
| 15070427044 | apocrine | product stored in apical part of cell that pinches off | 169 | |
| 15070439843 | connective tissue | designed to support, protect and bind organs as well as stores fat and transports gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes. (acts as the glue and packing material of the body) | 170 | |
| 15070457968 | functions of connective tissue | physical protection, support and structural framework, binding of structures(muscles), storage(bones), transport(blood), immune protection | 171 | |
| 15070477184 | ground substance | produced by the CT cells and comprised of proteins and carbohydrates with variable amounts of salt and h20. Can either be viscous(in blood), semisolid(cartilage), or solid (bone) | 172 | |
| 15070510814 | What forms the exracellular matrix? | Ground substance plus the extracellular protein fibers | 173 | |
| 15070532222 | How can CT be classified? | CT proper, supporting CT, or fluid CT. | 174 | |
| 15070550780 | Connective tissue proper | loose and dense CT | 175 | |
| 15070563145 | supporting connective tissue | cartilage and bone | 176 | |
| 15070571402 | Loose CT | can be distorted without damage, an open framework, the packing material of the body | 177 | |
| 15070589197 | areolar connective tissue | subcutaneous layer under skin | 178 | |
| 15070613584 | adipose connective tissue | subcutaneous and abdominal fat | 179 | |
| 15070623388 | reticular connective tissue | lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen) | 180 | |
| 15070630281 | dense connective tissue | densely packed, cannot be stressed too much without damage | 181 | |
| 15070640567 | What are the three types of dense connective tissue? | -Regular-Tendons and ligaments -Irregular-Deep dermis -Elastic-Vocal cords/trachea | 182 | |
| 15070657097 | Cartilage | firm, gel-like matrix, semi-flexible | 183 | |
| 15070664579 | hyaline cartilage | Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose (weak) | 184 | |
| 15070673278 | Fibrocartilage | intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, cartilage of knee joint (dense, shock absorber) | 185 | |
| 15070688849 | elastic cartilage | external ear (flexible) | 186 | |
| 15070691939 | bone | more solid than cartilage and provides more support but is also more brittle | 187 | |
| 15071985175 | What are the three types of muscle? | smooth, cardiac, skeletal | 188 | |
| 15071992941 | smooth muscle | walls of blood vessels, gut and respiratory tree, reproductive tract (involuntary) | 189 | |
| 15071998323 | cardiac muscle | walls of the heart (involuntary) | 190 | |
| 15072002167 | skeletal muscle | muscles attached to skeleton, majority of muscles in the body (voluntary) | 191 | |
| 15072006779 | contraction of muscle | shortening of muscle fiber | 192 | |
| 15072028176 | heat generation of muscle | ATP breaks down to give off energy in form of work and heat | 193 | |
| 15072035431 | Nervous tissue | has neurons:nerve cells has neuroglia: support cells for the neurons | 194 | |
| 15072045226 | Function of nervous tissue | generates and transmits electrical signals through body (controls body functions) | 195 | |
| 15072059160 | What is the integument? | Skin - the largest organ in the body (7 to 8% body weight) | 196 | |
| 15072063420 | Epedermis | superficial layer of stratified squamous epithelium | 197 | |
| 15072069208 | dermis | deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissues | 198 | |
| 15072074589 | hypodermis | (not part of the skin) lies under dermis, mostly adipose connective tissue (hypo=low) | 199 | |
| 15072084666 | major functions of the integument | - protection - vitamin D synthesis and storage of nutrients - temperature maintenance - sensory reception -immune defense - excretion and secretion | 200 | |
| 15072102156 | epidermis | -Outermost layer of skin -consists only of epithelial cells -has no blood or nerve supply | 201 | |
| 15072123775 | epidermal strata(from deep to superficial) (before signing get legal counsel) | stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum(thick skin), stratum corneum (stratum means layer) | 202 | |
| 15072157871 | Stratum basale | deepest layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and cell division (one cell layer thick) | 203 | |
| 15072183091 | living keratinocytes | produce keratin, waterproofs skin | 204 | |
| 15072187620 | Melanocytes | produce the pigment melanin that protects against damage of DNA by ultraviolet radiation | 205 | |
| 15072377993 | What can melanin do | prevent sun damage to DNA that helps to prevent skin cancer | 206 | |
| 15072383793 | Stratum spinosum | Several layers thick, daughter cells from the stratum basale -cells of this layer begin to produce keratin | 207 | |
| 15072400620 | stratum granulosum | -3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes -cytoplasm fills with keratin filaments -organelles begin to degrade -fully keratinized cells are dead but strong and water-insoluable | 208 | |
| 15072423034 | stratum lucidum | -thin translucent region -present only in thick skin such as sole of feet and palms of hands | 209 | |
| 15072430938 | stratum corneum | superficial layer of epidermis, can get up to 30 layers thick, comprised solely of dead keratinocytes | 210 | |
| 15072446409 | What is skin color determined by? | melanin, carotene, hemoglobin | 211 | |
| 15072446411 | Hemoglobin | blood pigment; causes light complexions to look pink or blue | 212 | |
| 15072452092 | melanin | pigment produced by melanocytes; increases in people exposed to more UV light | 213 | |
| 15072460614 | carotene | the yellow pigment from food that builds up in the skin | 214 | |
| 15072466352 | Epidermal Variation | -Between different body regions -Between individuals -In thickness, color, and skin markings | 215 | |
| 15072470204 | nevus | localized overgrowth of melanocytes (ex. mole) | 216 | |
| 15072476132 | hemangioma | proliferation of blood vessels | 217 | |
| 15072480283 | friction ridges | Folds of epidermis and dermis on fingers, palms, soles, and toes; increase friction for grasping (cause us to leave finger prints) | 218 | |
| 15072487794 | The dermis | Lies deep to the epidermis(has two connective tissues/areolar:superficial and dense irregular: deeper) Also contains: -blood vessels and glands -arrectores pilorum(muscle; goose bumps -nervous system | 219 | |
| 15072516942 | vasoconstriction | narrowing blood vessels preserves core body heat | 220 | |
| 15072518691 | vasodilation | widening blood vessels releases body heat, lowing body temperature | 221 | |
| 15072527600 | functions of nerve fibers that are present in the dermis | -touch receptors -control blood flow -control grandular secretion | 222 | |
| 15072538799 | The hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) | deep to, but not actually part of the integument | 223 | |
| 15072547521 | structures that grow from the epidermis | nails, hairs, glands | 224 | |
| 15072549886 | nails | Scale like modifications of the stratum corneum | 225 | |
| 15072557669 | nail bed | layer of living epidermis covered by nail body | 226 | |
| 15072560011 | nail matrix | thickened growing part of the nail bed | 227 | |
| 15072563281 | hair | columns of keratinocytes growing from follicles deep in dermis or hypodermis | 228 | |
| 15072567872 | What are the three hair types? | lanugo, vellus, terminal | 229 | |
| 15072570081 | Lanugo hair | embryonic hair | 230 | |
| 15072573238 | vellus hair | peach fuzz | 231 | |
| 15072575361 | terminal hair | coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions | 232 | |
| 15072579953 | hair bulb | pool of epithelial cells where the hair originates | 233 | |
| 15072581768 | hair root | portion deep to the skin surface | 234 | |
| 15072584559 | hair shaft | portion extending beyond the skin surface | 235 | |
| 15072586437 | hair follicle | a small tubular cavity containing the root of a hair | 236 | |
| 15072596049 | sweat glands | merocrine-mostly water secreted apocrine-mostly proteins and lipids | 237 | |
| 15072607524 | sebaceous glands | secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles or directly onto skin surface | 238 | |
| 15072613862 | acne | plugged sebaceous ducts | 239 | |
| 15072624209 | Chondroblasts | produce cartilage matrix | 240 | |
| 15072626477 | Chondrocytes | surrounded by matrix -live in small spaces called lucunae | 241 | |
| 15072637703 | 3 major types of cartilage | hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage | 242 | |
| 15072637704 | hyaline | most common type of cartilage, articular/coastal | 243 | |
| 15072641774 | Fibrocartilage | intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint | 244 | |
| 15072646114 | Elasic cartilage | ear/epiglottis | 245 | |
| 15072648505 | functions of cartilage | -support soft tissues -articular surfaces for joints -provide a model for endochondral bone formation | 246 | |
| 15072654847 | bones | living organs containing all four tissue types -strengthened by calcification | 247 | |
| 15072662495 | What do bones provide for the body? | support, movement, hematopoiesis(red blood cell production), storage (of calcium) | 248 | |
| 15072672336 | long bones | longer than they are wide | 249 | |
| 15072672337 | short bones | nearly equal length and width | 250 | |
| 15072674397 | flat bones | thin, flattened, and usually curved | 251 | |
| 15072676181 | irregular bones | vertebrae and facial bones | 252 | |
| 15072681546 | are ribs considered long bones? | No, because it has a long flat structure | 253 | |
| 15072685177 | Diaphysis (shaft) | Elongated body of a long bone | 254 | |
| 15072688020 | Epiphyses | ends of long bone, strengthen joints | 255 | |
| 15072695968 | metaphyses | between diaphysis and epiphyses; contains epiphyseal growth plate | 256 | |
| 15072698829 | articular cartilage | -thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis -reduces friction between articulating bones | 257 | |
| 15072706502 | medullary/marrow cavity | -cylindrical space in diaphysis -usually contains yellow bone marrow | 258 | |
| 15072711900 | periosteum | -covers external surfaces of bones -acts as anchor for blood vessels and nerves -anchored by perforating fibers | 259 | |
| 15072718061 | Endosteum | covers most internal surfaces of bones | 260 | |
| 15072721209 | Osteoprogenitors | Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts; important in fracture repair | 261 | |
| 15072727797 | Osteoblasts | forms bone matrix | 262 | |
| 15072729961 | osteocytes | reside in lacunae;maintain matrix and communicate with osteoblasts to cause further deposit of bone matrix | 263 | |
| 15072735522 | osteoclasts | cells that dissolve bone | 264 | |
| 15072740471 | bone matrix | nonliving, structural part of bone | 265 | |
| 15072746915 | compact bone | solid and relitively dense, external surfaces of long and flat bones | 266 | |
| 15072753069 | spongy bone | open lattice of narrow places:trabeculae | 267 | |
| 15072757892 | osteon | basic structural and functional unit of mature compact bone | 268 | |
| 15072772401 | central canal | carries blood vessels and nerves | 269 | |
| 15072775108 | perforating canals | perpendicular connections to central canal with blood vessels and nerves | 270 | |
| 15072780409 | canaliculi canals | between lacunae allowing metabolic interactions between osteocytes | 271 | |
| 15072783865 | Lamellae (concentric) | rings of bone around central canal | 272 | |
| 15072785684 | circumferential lamellae | along endosteum and periosteum | 273 | |
| 15072789469 | interstitial lamellae | "leftover" pieces of old osteons | 274 | |
| 15072792779 | ossification | the formation and development of bone | 275 | |
| 15072795370 | intramembranous ossification | Develops from mesenchyme Produces flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, and central portion of clavicle | 276 | |
| 15072799809 | endochondral ossification | -Begins with hyaline cartilage model -Produces majority of bones in the body | 277 | |
| 15072807901 | The epiphyseal plate | a layer of hyaline cartilage at the boundary of the epiphysis and diaphysis | 278 | |
| 15072821188 | intersitial growth | growth in length | 279 | |
| 15072822545 | appositional growth | growth in diameter | 280 | |
| 15072826831 | appositional growth occurs in | periosteum | 281 | |
| 15072835161 | Athletes who engage in intense exercise on average have a greater or less bone density? | greater bone density | 282 | |
| 15072843941 | osteoperosis | a condition characterized by a decrease in bone density, producing porous and fragile bones | 283 | |
| 15072851638 | axial skeleton | skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage (80 bones) | 284 | |
| 15072857187 | appendicular skeleton | shoulder and hip bones and those of the upper and lower extremities (126 bones) | 285 | |
| 15072865834 | The skull has how many bones? | 8 cranial bones with direct contact with the brain and 14 facial bones with no brain contact | 286 | |
| 15072880554 | what are the 3 fossa in the cranium | anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa | 287 | |
| 15072884366 | nasal complex | Bones and cartilages forming the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses | 288 | |
| 15072890269 | paranasal sinuses | air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, located in the bones of the skull | 289 | |
| 15072892685 | major types of paranasal sinuses | frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary | 290 | |
| 15072897264 | nasal septum | separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils | 291 | |
| 15072900790 | deviated septum | a common physical disorder where the nasal septum is displaced; deviated from the center line | 292 | |
| 15072906397 | palate | forms the roof of the oral cavity and acts as a barrier to separate it from the nasal cavity | 293 | |
| 15072911340 | The hard palate is formed by | palatine process of maxillae and horizontal plates of palatine bones | 294 | |
| 15072913786 | cleft palate | a congenital split in the roof of the mouth | 295 | |
| 15072917155 | vertebral column | A series of 26 irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord. | 296 | |
| 15081287506 | How many cervical vertebrae are there? | 7 (C1-C7) | 297 | |
| 15081287509 | How many thoracic vertebrae are there? | 12 (T1-T12) | 298 | |
| 15081320250 | How many lumbar vertebrae are there? | 5 (L1-L5) | 299 | |
| 15081339523 | What two inferior bones are fusions of several vertebrae? | sacrum, coccyx | 300 | |
| 15081364866 | What are the four adult vertebral curvatures? | Cervical-curves anteriorly thoracic-curves posteriorly lumbar-curves anteriorly sacral-curves posteriorly | 301 | |
| 15081448368 | Abnormalities of the normal spinal curvature may be caused by.. | poor posture, disease, congenital defects(born with) | 302 | |
| 15081457707 | kyphosis | -abnormalities in spinal curvature -a thoracic curving of the spine that causes a bowing or rounding of the back which leads to a hunchback or slouching posture -can occur any age, rare at birth | 303 | |
| 15081467372 | lordosis | -abnormalities in spinal curvature -observed as a protrusion of the abdomen and buttock;often called "swayback" | 304 | |
| 15081516218 | Lordosis can be caused by | -degenerative diseases of the spine -excess abdominal fat -pregnancy | 305 | |
| 15081532894 | scoliosis | -an abnormal lateral curvature -most common curvature disorder -often occurs in the thoracic region | 306 | |
| 15081571657 | Typical vertebra | C3-C7, T1-T12, L1-L5 | 307 | |
| 15081578476 | Atypical | C1(atlas), C2(Axis), sacrum, coccyx | 308 | |
| 15081624635 | anulus fibrosus | outer ring of fibrocartilage | 309 | |
| 15081638638 | Nucleus pulposes | the inner gelatinous material that gives discs elasticity and compressibility | 310 | |
| 15081682060 | How much length do discs make up of the vertebral column and what do they do? | 1/4, and they act as shock absorbers | 311 | |
| 15081712110 | herniated disk | occurs when the gelatinous nucleus pulposus protrudes in or through he anulus fibrosus | 312 | |
| 15081770823 | Appendicular skeleton (126 bones) is comprised of 4 major groups of bones | perctoral girdle (4 bones) upper limbs (60 bones) pelvic girdle (2 bones) lower limbs (60 bones) | 313 | |
| 15081801882 | bracial region | upper limb/arm: -area between shoulder and elbow -consists of only the humerous | 314 | |
| 15081851319 | Antebrachial | -area between elbow and wrist -consists of only the radius and ulna | 315 | |
| 15081886333 | interosseous membrane | dense regular connective tissue that maintains distance between radius and ulna and provides pivot point for rotation | 316 | |
| 15081914960 | Supination | in anatomic position, bones of the forearm are said to be in supination | 317 | |
| 15081935421 | pronation | with palm facing posteriorly, radius crosses over the ulna, this position is called pronation | 318 | |
| 15081964201 | interosseous membrane | flexible membrane connecting radius and ulna & tibia and fibula | 319 | |
| 15081969990 | femur | longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body | 320 | |
| 15081984359 | lower limb-leg | known as the crural region | 321 | |
| 15082032656 | Why do feet not rest flat on the floor? | to prevent pinching of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels | 322 | |
| 15082041937 | medial arch | from heel to hallux; highest arch | 323 | |
| 15082051899 | lateral arch | from heel to fifth toe; lowest arch | 324 | |
| 15082063894 | transverse arch | perpendicular to other arches; along distal row of tarsals | 325 | |
| 15082074600 | Polydactyly | extra fingers or toes | 326 | |
| 15082081796 | petrodactyl | condition of absent digits | 327 | |
| 15082097788 | syndactyly | webbed fingers or toes | 328 | |
| 15082109657 | meromelia arch | partial (meromelia) or complete absense (amelia) of limbs | 329 | |
| 15082117414 | Phocomelia | short, poorly formed limbs that resemble a flipper | 330 | |
| 15082128357 | Thalidomide | A mild tranquilizer that, taken early in pregnancy, can produce a variety of malformations of the limbs, eyes, ears, and heart. | 331 |
