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| 523851612 | Andrew Carnegie | invested well and became rich in steel industry - started as a "bobbin boy" - donated a lot of $ and built libraries, etc. "captain of industry" 1865 Keystone Bridge Company. wealthiest man in history - worth about 670 trillion dollars today. "The Gospel of Wealth" | |
| 523851613 | Montgomery Ward | First catalogue sales business - 1872 - shipped via RR - good for farmers - cheaper than buying items in a store - more variety | |
| 523851614 | Sears, Roebuck, & Co. | "the great wishbook" - another catalogue company | |
| 523851615 | C.J. Walker | sold hair products by mail and door to door. first AOAD millionaire | |
| 523851616 | Granville T. Woods | invented the railroad telegraph system - prevented collisions | |
| 523851617 | Gustavus Swift & Philip Armour | invented refrigerated rail cars - helped with the transport of meat by railroad | |
| 523851618 | George Pullman | invented sleeping railroad cars (helped for long trips) | |
| 523851619 | rebates | refunds - part of shipping costs with large shippers - often secret deals - illegal kickbacks/payment made to RR customers | |
| 523851620 | consolidation | curbing competition - combination of companies to form a big business together | |
| 523851621 | Cornelieus Vanderbuilt | master of RR consolidation - more efficient and cheap - could charge a lot - no competition | |
| 523851622 | Collis Huntington & Lyman Huntington | father and son team of great eastern RR developers | |
| 523851623 | The Great Northern Railroad | Vanderbuilt's RR - NY to Chicago | |
| 523851624 | The Canadian Shield | forest region of rocks, swamps, and marshes - accessible only by foot or canoe - where most of the iron ore came from for making steel | |
| 523851625 | Leonidas Merritt | found iron ore in Canadian Shield in Mesabi Range in 1890. Rockefeller financed the operation | |
| 523851626 | regulate | make rules for (RR & other big companies) in 1866 the Supreme Court ruled that states couldn't regulate the rates of RRs that crossed state lines | |
| 523851627 | free enterprise | economic system in which businesses are free to compete without government rules | |
| 523851628 | Interstate Commerce Act | passed by Congress in 1887 which declared that all RR rates must be "reasonable and just" and the Interstate Commerce Commission investigated | |
| 523851629 | Henry Bessemer | British inventor who created the "Bessemer Process" - a process that reduced the cost of making steel | |
| 523851630 | J.P. Morgan | most powerful investment banker. took over Carnegie's RR - formed U.S. Steel Corp. - largest in the world | |
| 523851631 | John D. Rockefeller | from Cleveland. in 1862 made Oil Refinery business. 1870 - Standard Oil Company, by 1880 it was a monopoly | |
| 523851632 | trust | business combination - a board of trustees (managers) control member corporations. stockholders get dividends (money) from their investment in the company | |
| 523851633 | monopoly | single business with the power to control the prices in the market | |
| 523851634 | Sherman Antitrust Act | created in 1890 and said that the combinations of companies were illegal, but it didn't define a trust or monopoly, so it was a hard act to enforce. broke up Standard Oil Trust in the early 1900s | |
| 523851635 | Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | 1911. 146 workers died. | |
| 523851636 | Mary Harris Jones | "the most dangerous woman in America" - "Mother Jones" - between 1870s and 1920s she traveled and urged workers to join Unions | |
| 523851637 | Knights of Labor | founded in 1869. Union that accepted women and children. 700,000 members by 1886 | |
| 523851638 | Terrance Powderly | mayor of Scranton, PA, leader of Knights of Labor in 1879. wanted an 8 hour work day and end child labor and have equal pay for all workers. Unions gained strength at this time. He liked arbitration | |
| 523851639 | Great Railroad Strike | 1877 - Baltimore and Ohio RR workers went on strike and then it went nationwide. unsuccessful strike. 100 workers killed | |
| 523851640 | Haymarket Bombing | May 3, 1886 - Chicago strikers and police clash, May 4 - meeting to protest killings, bomb exploded, police fired on the crowd. 16 killed, 100 wounded. Knights of Labor membership declined after this | |
| 523851641 | Samuel Gompers | liked strikes. president of AFL, which had many members. wanted collective bargaining, increased wages, fewer hours, better working conditions | |
| 523851642 | AFL | American Federation of Labor - skilled laborers. No women, AOAD, or immigrants | |
| 523851643 | Homestead Strike | July 6, 1892. workers in Carnegie's Steel Plant in PA went on strike - people were hired to replace them. guards arrived. fight broke out. Union broke up. | |
| 523851644 | Henry Clay Frick | major lieutenant of Carnegie, leader of the resistance to the Homestead strike. Believed in the use of force or scab labor to keep factories running | |
| 523851645 | Pullman Strike | Pullman Palace Car Company. cut wages, didn't lower rent. May 1894 was the strike. There was a federal injunction in July 1894 and federal troops were sent to Chicago. Riots broke out | |
| 523851646 | ARU | American Railway Union. Supported Pullman Strike. derailed railcars and blocked tracks | |
| 523851647 | Eugene Debs | founded ARU - sent to jail. leader of the Socialist Party of America (1901) | |
| 523857402 | Westinghouse | invented RR airbrakes | |
| 523857403 | Robber Barons | Carnegie, JP Morgan, Rockefeller | |
| 523877761 | Where was the nation's first oil well? | Pennsylvania | |
| 523877762 | Injunction | court order to stop an action by a business or individual | |
| 523877763 | Emperor Meiji | announced a plan in 1867 to make Japan a major industrial nation | |
| 523989488 | scab | Union member who crosses the picket like to work for the company instead of continuing to strike with the rest of the union members. (Not a popular thing to do) | |
| 523989489 | Thomas Anshutz | major American painter of the day to day life of the time | |
| 523989490 | standard gauge | development was a great RR breakthrough | |
| 523989491 | Brooklyn Bridge | longest steel suspension bridge in the world | |
| 523989492 | socialism | the belief that government should own a nation's industries | |
| 523992988 | CIO | Congress/Committee of Industrial Organizations - proposed by John L. Lewis in 1938, was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions.The CIO merged with the AFL to form the AFL-CIO in 1955. |
