Terms : Hide Images
| 127484009 | learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience | 0 | |
| 127484010 | associative learning | learning that certain events occur together | 1 | |
| 127484011 | conditioning | the process of learning associations | 2 | |
| 127484012 | classical conditioning | a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning. | 3 | |
| 127484013 | Ivan Pavlov | described process of classical conditioning after famous experiments with dogs | 4 | |
| 127484014 | John B Watson | American psychologist who founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes | 5 | |
| 127484015 | unconditioned response (UCR) | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth | 6 | |
| 127484016 | unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response | 7 | |
| 127484017 | conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) | 8 | |
| 127484018 | conditioned stimulus (CS) | In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. | 9 | |
| 127484019 | acquisition | the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. | 10 | |
| 127484020 | extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. | 11 | |
| 127484021 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response | 12 | |
| 127484022 | generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses | 13 | |
| 127484023 | discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus | 14 | |
| 127484024 | expectancy | awareness of how likely it is that the US will occur | 15 | |
| 127484025 | taste aversion | a type of classical conditioning in which a previously desirable or neutral food comes to be perceived as repugnant because it is associated with negative stimulation | 16 | |
| 127484026 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | 17 | |
| 127484027 | B. F. Skinner | behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an organism's reinforcement history; worked with pigeons | 18 | |
| 127484028 | respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning. | 19 | |
| 127484029 | law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | 20 | |
| 127484030 | shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | 21 | |
| 127484031 | reinforcement | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | 22 | |
| 127484032 | negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. This is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: This is not punishment.) | 23 | |
| 127484033 | primary reinforcers | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | 24 | |
| 127484034 | conditioned (secondary) reinforcers | Stimuli such as money or tokens that acquire their reinforcing power by a learned association with primary reinforcers. | 25 | |
| 127484035 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | 26 | |
| 127484036 | partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement | 27 | |
| 127484037 | fixed-ratio schedules | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses | 28 | |
| 127484038 | variable-ratio schedules | reinforce behavior after unpredictable number of responses | 29 | |
| 127484039 | punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows | 30 | |
| 127484040 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned it. | 31 | |
| 127484041 | latent learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. | 32 | |
| 127484042 | overjustification effect | the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task. | 33 | |
| 127484043 | modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior | 34 | |
| 127484044 | observational learning | learning by observing others | 35 | |
| 127484045 | Albert Bandura | researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment | 36 | |
| 127484046 | prosocial | positive, constructive, helpful behavior | 37 | |
| 127484047 | operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 326) | 38 | |
| 127484048 | Edward Thorndike | Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in intstrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes. | 39 | |
| 127484049 | fixed interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed | 40 | |
| 127484050 | variable interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals | 41 |
