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| 148913900 | learning | relatively permanent change in organism's behavior due to experience. | 0 | |
| 148913901 | associative learning | learning that events occur together. Events may be 2 stimuli (classical conditioning) or response and consequences (operant conditioning). | 1 | |
| 148913902 | classical conditioning | type of learning in which organism comes to associate stimuli. | 2 | |
| 148913903 | behaviorism | Approach that says psychology (1) should be an objective science & (2) study behavior without reference to mental processes. | 3 | |
| 148913904 | conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). | 4 | |
| 148913905 | conditioned stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a learned involuntary reaction. | 5 | |
| 148913906 | unconditioned response (UCR) | in classical conditioning, unlearned, naturally occurring response to unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | 6 | |
| 148913907 | unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | in classical conditioning, stimulus that naturally and automatically—triggers a response. | 7 | |
| 148913908 | acquisition | in classical conditioning; associating neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the NS becomes a CS and produces a CR; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response | 8 | |
| 148913909 | extinction | diminishing of conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an UCS does not follow a CS; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. | 9 | |
| 148913910 | spontaneous recovery | reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. | 10 | |
| 148913911 | discrimination | in classical conditioning, learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal a UCS. | 11 | |
| 148913912 | generalization | tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses. | 12 | |
| 148913913 | operant conditioning | learning associated with Skinner in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a positive reinforcer or diminished if followed by an aversive stimulus. Response is always voluntary. | 13 | |
| 148913915 | law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. | 14 | |
| 148913916 | Skinner box | chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research. | 15 | |
| 148913917 | shaping | operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of desired behavior. | 16 | |
| 148913918 | negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli, such as shock | 17 | |
| 148913919 | positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by adding a desired stimuli, such as food | 18 | |
| 148913920 | reinforcement | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens behavior it follows. | 19 | |
| 148913921 | secondary reinforcer | stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (e.g., money) | 20 | |
| 148913922 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing desired response every time it occurs. | 21 | |
| 148913923 | primary reinforcer | innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (e.g., food) | 22 | |
| 148913924 | fixed-ratio schedule | reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses or behaviors | 23 | |
| 148913925 | partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. | 24 | |
| 148913926 | fixed-interval schedule | reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. | 25 | |
| 148913927 | punishment | any event that decreases behavior it follows. | 26 | |
| 148913928 | variable-interval schedule | reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. | 27 | |
| 148913929 | variable-ratio schedule | reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. | 28 | |
| 148913930 | cognitive map | mental representation of layout of one's environment. | 29 | |
| 148913931 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. Associated with EC Tolman | 30 | |
| 148913932 | extrinsic motivation | desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. | 31 | |
| 148913933 | intrinsic motivation | desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. | 32 | |
| 148913934 | mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.; may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. | 33 | |
| 148913935 | modeling | process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. | 34 | |
| 148913936 | observational learning | learning by observing others | 35 | |
| 148913937 | Ivan Pavlov | Russian researcher associated (!) with classical conditioning | 36 | |
| 148913939 | aversion therapy | behavioral therapy that works by replacing one bond with another but this time adding something nasty. (Ex. To stop smoking add something to cigarettes that induces vomiting.) | 37 | |
| 148913940 | taste aversion | learned avoidance of a particular food | 38 | |
| 148913941 | Garcia and Koelling | researchers who did major studies on classical conditioning and taste aversions (rats) | 39 | |
| 148913942 | Edward Thorndike | Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in instrumental learning such as law of effect. Known for work with cats in puzzle boxes. | 40 | |
| 148913943 | BF Skinner | pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments; used boxes to study schedules of reinforcement on pigeons and rats. | 41 | |
| 148913944 | positive punishment | following undesired response by adding an aversive stimulus to decrease likelihood of the behavior reoccurring (e.g., paying a fine) | 42 | |
| 148913945 | negative punishment | following undesired response by removing a pleasant stimulus and reduces likelihood of behavior reoccurring. (e.g. time out, grounding) | 43 | |
| 148913946 | chaining | reinforcing different learned behaviors in a sequence | 44 | |
| 148913947 | modeling | term coined by Bandura on how we learn by imitating others. His research: children will spontaneously imitate the behavior of a model without any obvious reinforcement. | 45 | |
| 148913948 | Albert Bandura | famous for work in observational or social learning including famous Bobo doll experiment | 46 | |
| 148913949 | Little Albert | Subject used by John Watson to test classical conditioning on humans; made fearful of white rabbit | 47 | |
| 148913950 | preparedness | evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others due to their survival value | 48 | |
| 342319472 | John B. Watson | American psychologist who founded behaviorism; classically conditioned Little Albert in order to demonstrate that emotions can be learned | 49 | |
| 342321402 | Robert Rescorla | he proposed that there is a cognitive connection between the CS and UCS in classical conditioning (a smoker is aware that a nausea-producing drug will affect his behavior) | 50 | |
| 342321867 | immediate reinforcer | A reinforcer that occurs right after a behavior (Ex. rat gets a food pellet for a bar press; student gets sticker if does well on test) | 51 | |
| 342321868 | delayed reinforcer | reinforcer that is delayed a certain amount of time (ex. receiving a paycheck at the end of work week) | 52 | |
| 342322219 | Bobo doll | used to show aggressive behavior can be imitated by children in an experiment by Bandura | 53 |
