Terms : Hide Images
| 148913955 | memory | persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of info. | 0 | |
| 148913956 | encoding | getting info into memory system—for example, by extracting meaning or elaborating | 1 | |
| 148913957 | flashbulb memory | clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event; high confidence in the memory, but still subject to decay/errors in recall | 2 | |
| 148913958 | long-term memory | relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. | 3 | |
| 148913959 | retrieval | process of getting info out of memory storage. | 4 | |
| 148913960 | sensory memory | immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system. | 5 | |
| 148913961 | short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before info is stored or forgotten. | 6 | |
| 148913962 | storage | memory process of the retention of encoded info over time. | 7 | |
| 148913964 | automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. | 8 | |
| 148913965 | effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious work | 9 | |
| 148913966 | maintenance rehearsal | system for remembering involving repeating info to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it | 10 | |
| 148913967 | spacing effect or distributive study | tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. | 11 | |
| 148913968 | phonemic or acoustic encoding | encoding sound, especially sounds of words. | 12 | |
| 148913969 | semantic encoding | encoding of meaning, including meaning of words. | 13 | |
| 148913970 | serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. | 14 | |
| 148913971 | structural (visual) encoding | encoding of picture images. | 15 | |
| 148913972 | imagery | mental pictures; powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. | 16 | |
| 148913973 | mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. | 17 | |
| 148913974 | chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. | 18 | |
| 148913975 | echoic memory | momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. | 19 | |
| 148913976 | iconic memory | momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. | 20 | |
| 148913977 | long-term potentiation (LTP) | increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. | 21 | |
| 148913978 | organic amnesia | loss of memory caused by brain injury resulting from physical damage, disease, or alcohol or drugs | 22 | |
| 148913979 | explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.) Includes episodic and semantic | 23 | |
| 148913980 | implicit memory | a memory that was not deliberately learned or of which you have no conscious awareness of a procedure (also called procedural or non declarative memory) | 24 | |
| 148913981 | hippocampus | brain part located in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage. | 25 | |
| 148913982 | recall | measure of memory in which person must retrieve info learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. | 26 | |
| 148913983 | recognition | measure of memory in which person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. | 27 | |
| 148913985 | priming | activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response -aids in retrieval | 28 | |
| 148913986 | déjà vu | eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. | 29 | |
| 148913987 | mood-congruent memory | tendency to recall experiences consistent with one's current good or bad affect. When we are happy it is easier to recall positive memories than negative ones. | 30 | |
| 148913988 | proactive interference | old info interferes with learning new info and you can't remember the new info | 31 | |
| 148913989 | retroactive interference | new info interferes with remembering old info and you can't remember the old info | 32 | |
| 148913990 | repression | in psychoanalytic theory, basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. (done unconsciously) | 33 | |
| 148913991 | misinformation effect | incorporating incorrect info into someone's memory of an event can alter their memory - important for research on eyewitnesses and jury trials | 34 | |
| 148913992 | source amnesia | attributing to wrong source an event we experienced, heard about, or read about. | 35 | |
| 148913993 | motivated forgetting | strong desire or motive to forget, usually experience is too disturbing/upsetting to remember (like repression) | 36 | |
| 148913994 | elaboration | Linking a stimulus to other info at time of encoding. | 37 | |
| 148913995 | loci method | strategy for remembering lists by picturing items in familiar locations. | 38 | |
| 148913996 | peg-word system | associating items to be remembered with pre-memorized peg words like one-bun | 39 | |
| 148913998 | Ebbinghaus | did a case study on himself; memorizing nonsense words, curve of forgetting | 40 | |
| 148913999 | Loftus | studied false memories (confabulations) and impact on eyewitness testimony; effects of leading questions | 41 | |
| 148914000 | overlearning | Continuing to rehearse info even after it has been memorized; method to overcome forgetting curve | 42 | |
| 148914001 | forgetting curve | founded by Ebbinghaus graphic representation of speed and amount of forgetting that occurs | 43 | |
| 148914002 | relearning | memory measure that assesses amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. | 44 | |
| 148914004 | George Miller | individual that found that STM has capacity of about 7 (+/- 2) items. | 45 | |
| 148914005 | semantic memory | memory for meanings and general (impersonal) facts stored in hippocampus | 46 | |
| 148914006 | episodic memory | Memory of one's life, including time of occurrence - dated personal recollections stored in hippocampus | 47 | |
| 148914007 | storage decay | even after encoding something well, we sometimes later forget it because connections to memory disintegrate | 48 | |
| 148914008 | infantile amnesia | inability to remember events that occurred during one's early years (before age 3) due to neurological immaturity | 49 | |
| 148914010 | tip of the tongue phenomenon | The experience during attempted recall that you have access to some aspects of the memory - but can't quite get it out | 50 | |
| 148914013 | context dependent memory | theory that info learned in a particular situation or PLACE is better remembered when in that same situation or place. | 51 | |
| 148914014 | state dependent memory | Memory is recalled better because you are in the same physiological state as when you were learning the info | 52 | |
| 148914016 | procedural memory | memory for skills, including perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills required to complete tasks; also called implicit memory | 53 | |
| 148914017 | cocktail party effect | ability to focus one's listening attention on a single talker among a mixture of conversations and background noises and still pick up relevant info such as your name | 54 | |
| 148914018 | rosy retrospection | tendency to rate past events more positively than they had actually rated them when the event occurred. | 55 | |
| 148914019 | eidetic memory | ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure; also called photographic memory | 56 | |
| 148914020 | next in line effect | phenomenon in which people tend to not recall much of what was said just before they took their turn to speak. | 57 | |
| 148914022 | primacy effect | tendency to show greater memory for info that comes first in a sequence. One part of serial position effect | 58 | |
| 148914023 | recency effect | tendency to show greater memory for info that comes last in a sequence. One part of the serial position effect | 59 | |
| 148914024 | levels of processing theory | concept that the more deeply people encode info, the better they will recall it. (semantic is most deep level of processing) | 60 | |
| 148914025 | nonsense syllables | Stimuli used to study memory (originally used by Ebbinghaus); typically composed of a consonant-vowel-consonant sequence | 61 | |
| 148914026 | information processing model | model of memory in which info must pass through discrete stages via processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval | 62 | |
| 148914029 | the capacity of STM | 7 plus or minus 2 | 63 | |
| 148914031 | working memory | newer understanding of STM that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory & visual-spatial info, and of info retrieved from LTM | 64 | |
| 148914036 | amygdala | two almond-shaped neural clusters of the limbic system that process the emotional aspects of memories | 65 | |
| 148914037 | cerebellum | brain area which stores implicit or procedural memories | 66 |
