Terms : Hide Images
| 343001178 | motivation | a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior | 0 | |
| 343001179 | instinct | a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned | 1 | |
| 343001180 | drive-reduction theory | the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need | 2 | |
| 343001181 | homeostasis | a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level | 3 | |
| 343001182 | incentives | a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior | 4 | |
| 343001183 | Abraham Maslow | Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization" | 5 | |
| 343001184 | hierarchy of needs | Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active | 6 | |
| 343001185 | glucose | the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. | 7 | |
| 343001186 | orexin | hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus | 8 | |
| 343001187 | insulin | hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose | 9 | |
| 343001188 | ghrelin | a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach | 10 | |
| 343001189 | lateral hypothalamus | the part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals | 11 | |
| 343001190 | ventromedial hypothalamus | the part of the hypothalamus that produces feelings of fullness as opposed to hunger, and causes one to stop eating | 12 | |
| 343001191 | leptin | secreted by fat cells; signals brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger | 13 | |
| 343001192 | set point | the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. | 14 | |
| 343001193 | basal metabolic rate | the body's resting rate of energy expenditure | 15 | |
| 343001194 | anorexia nervosa | an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve. | 16 | |
| 343001195 | bulimia nervosa | an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. | 17 | |
| 343001196 | Alfred Kinsey | Indiana University biologist who researched sexual behavior | 18 | |
| 343001197 | sexual response cycle | the four stages of sexual responding described by Matsters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. | 19 | |
| 343001198 | Masters and Johnson | Among the first to use laboratory experimentation and observation to study the sexual response cycle | 20 | |
| 343001199 | estrogen | a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity. | 21 | |
| 343001200 | testosterone | the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional _______ in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty | 22 | |
| 343001201 | sexual disorders | a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning | 23 | |
| 343001202 | sexual orientation | an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation) | 24 | |
| 343001203 | Simon LeVay | Gay scientist who blindly studied brains and discovered that the cell cluster was reliably larger in heterosexual men than in woman and homosexual men | 25 | |
| 343001204 | ostracism | social exclusion | 26 | |
| 343001205 | flow | a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills | 27 | |
| 343001206 | achievement motivation | a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard | 28 | |
| 343001207 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake | 29 | |
| 343001208 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment | 30 | |
| 343001209 | industrial organizational (I/O) psychology | the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces | 31 | |
| 343001210 | personnel psychology | a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development | 32 | |
| 343001211 | organizational psychology | a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change | 33 | |
| 343001212 | interviewer illusion | the tendency for interviewers to overrate their "gut feelings" about a prospective employee | 34 | |
| 343001213 | structured interviews | interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales | 35 | |
| 343001214 | 360 degree feedback | a performance appraisal process in which feedback is obtained from the boss, subordinates, peers and coworkers, and the employees themselves | 36 | |
| 343001215 | halo errors | one's overall evaluation of an employee or of a personal trait biases rating of their specific work-related behaviors | 37 | |
| 343001216 | leniency and severity errors | errors which reflect evaluator's tendencies to be either too easy or too harsh on everyone | 38 | |
| 343001217 | recency errors | when raters focus only on easily remembered recent behavior | 39 | |
| 343001218 | task leadership | goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals | 40 | |
| 343001219 | social leadership | group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support | 41 | |
| 343001220 | emotion | a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience | 42 | |
| 343001221 | James-Lange theory | the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli | 43 | |
| 343006994 | Cannon-Bard theory | the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion | 44 | |
| 343006995 | Two-factor theory | Schachter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal | 45 | |
| 343006996 | Sympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations | 46 | |
| 343006997 | Parasympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy | 47 | |
| 343006998 | arousal theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law) | theory that states that human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it | 48 | |
| 343006999 | spillover effect | arosal from one event can influence response to another | 49 | |
| 343007000 | Zajonc and LeDoux | Believed SOME* emotional responses involve NO consicous thinking (*fear, happiness, dislike, "low road") and sensory info goes straight to the anygdala | 50 | |
| 343007003 | Paul Ekman | discovered that emotions are universal | 51 | |
| 343007004 | Carol Izard | researcher who found the 10 basic emotions of joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt | 52 | |
| 343007005 | facial feedback | the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed | 53 | |
| 343007006 | valence and arousal | people tend to describe their experienced emotions along with two dimensions of _______ and _________ | 54 | |
| 343007007 | anterior cingulated cortex | a higher-level center for processing emotion | 55 | |
| 343007008 | catharsis | emotional release. In psychology, this hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges. | 56 | |
| 343007009 | feel-good, do good phenomenon | people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood | 57 | |
| 343007010 | subjective well-being | self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life. | 58 | |
| 343007011 | adaption-level phenomenon | our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience | 59 | |
| 343007012 | relative deprivation | the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself | 60 | |
| 343007013 | opponent process theory of emotion | following a strong emotion, an opposing emotion counters the first emotion, lessening the experience of that emotion; on repeated occasions, the opposing emotion becomes stronger | 61 | |
| 344352544 | Lazarus | Agrees with others, but emotions involve some level of cognition; whether the cognition is conscious, or unconscious | 62 | |
| 344352545 | pleasant and unpleasant/ high vs. low | valance/arousal | 63 | |
| 380524533 | Need | biological or psychological requirement of something | 64 | |
| 380524534 | Drive | psychological state that motivates an organism to satisfy its needs | 65 | |
| 380524535 | Primary drives | innate drives, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire, that arise from basic biological needs | 66 | |
| 380524536 | Secondary drives | drives that are learned or acquired through experience, such as the drive to achieve monetary wealth | 67 | |
| 380524538 | Obesity | overfatness to the point of injuring health. It is often defined as 20 percent or more above the appropriate weight for height | 68 | |
| 380524539 | Management theory | studies of management styles show two basic attitudes that affect how managers do their jobs: Theory X - managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment Theory Y - managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive | 69 | |
| 380524540 | Approach-approach conflict | a conflict arising from having to choose between equally desirable alternatives | 70 | |
| 380524541 | Avoidance-avoidance conflict | conflict occurring when a person must choose between two undesirable goals | 71 | |
| 380524542 | Approach-avoidance conflict | conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects | 72 | |
| 380524543 | General adaptation syndrome (GAS) | Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages—alarm, resistance, exhaustion | 73 |
