Terms : Hide Images
| 12544129069 | learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience | 0 | |
| 12544129070 | habituation | an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it |  | 1 |
| 12544129071 | associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. |  | 2 |
| 12544129072 | classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |  | 3 |
| 12544129073 | behaviorism | psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. |  | 4 |
| 12544129074 | unconditioned response (UR) | the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth |  | 5 |
| 12544129075 | unconditioned stimulus (US) | a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a reaction (like food) |  | 6 |
| 12544129076 | conditioned response (CR) | the learned reaction to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) |  | 7 |
| 12544129077 | conditioned stimulus (CS) | an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a conditioned reaction |  | 8 |
| 12544129078 | acquisition | the "learned" behavior or response |  | 9 |
| 12544129079 | higher-order conditioning | a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new NS, creating a second (often weaker) CS. |  | 10 |
| 12544129080 | extinction | the diminishing of a CR; when a response is no longer reinforced |  | 11 |
| 12544129081 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR |  | 12 |
| 12544129082 | generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit responses |  | 13 |
| 12544129083 | discrimination | the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US |  | 14 |
| 12544129084 | learned helplessness | the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |  | 15 |
| 12544129085 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher |  | 16 |
| 12544129086 | law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, or where behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |  | 17 |
| 12544129087 | operant chamber | Skinner box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking |  | 18 |
| 12544129088 | shaping | reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |  | 19 |
| 12544129089 | discriminative stimulus | a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement) |  | 20 |
| 12544129090 | reinforcer | any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |  | 21 |
| 12544129091 | positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. |  | 22 |
| 12544129092 | negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. |  | 23 |
| 12544129093 | primary reinforce | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | | 24 |
| 12544129094 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |  | 25 |
| 12544129095 | partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement | | 26 |
| 12544129096 | fixed-ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |  | 27 |
| 12544129097 | variable-ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses | | 28 |
| 12544129098 | fixed-interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |  | 29 |
| 12544129099 | variable-interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals | | 30 |
| 12544129100 | punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |  | 31 |
| 12544129101 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it) |  | 32 |
| 12544129102 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it LATER |  | 33 |
| 12544129103 | insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem |  | 34 |
| 12544129104 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake; INSIDE |  | 35 |
| 12544129105 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, OUTSIDE |  | 36 |
| 12544129106 | modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |  | 37 |
| 12544129107 | mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath |  | 38 |
| 12544129108 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior |  | 39 |
| 12544129115 | biofedback | a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature. |  | 40 |
| 12544129116 | aversion theory | an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior. |  | 41 |
| 12544129119 | neutral stimulus (NS) | environmental factor that doesn't elicit a CR until it is repeatedly paired with the US (ex/ bell in Pavlov experiment) | 42 | |
| 12544129121 | secondary reinforcer | lead to the ability to get primary reinforcer... money=food (primary reinforcer) education=career (primary reinforcer) | 43 | |
| 12544129122 | stimulus | any event of situation that evokes a response | 44 | |
| 12544129123 | cognitive learning | the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, bt watching others, or through language | 45 | |
| 12544129124 | reinforcement | in operant conditioning, any event that stregnthens the behavior it follows | 46 | |
| 12544129125 | reinforcement schedule | a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced | 47 | |
| 12544129126 | respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus | 48 | |
| 12544129127 | operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences | 49 | |
| 12544129129 | problem-focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress directly- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor | 50 | |
| 12544129130 | emotion-focused coping | attempting to allieviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction | 51 | |
| 12544129131 | external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate | 52 | |
| 12544129132 | internal locus of control | the perception that you control your own fate | 53 | |
| 12544129133 | self-control | the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term awards | 54 | |
| 12544129134 | observational learning | learning by observing. also called social learning | 55 |
