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| 13542502746 | unipolar |  | 0 | |
| 13542502747 | bipolar |  | 1 | |
| 13542511976 | multipolar |  | 2 | |
| 13542541709 | sensory neurons | detect changes in environment and transmit information to CNS; afferent info to the CNS; unipolar | 3 | |
| 13542556105 | motor neurons | send signals to target tissue in order to elicit a response to a particular stimulus; efferent information- away from the CNS; multipolar | 4 | |
| 13542568287 | interneurons | serve an integrative function- interconnect incoming sensory and outputing motor information; bipolar | 5 | |
| 13542601705 | Principle of Dynamic Polarization | electrical signals within a neuron flow only in one direction | 6 | |
| 13542611018 | Principle of Connectional Specificity | neurons separated by synapse, neurons communicate with specific other neurons in organized networks- not randomly | 7 | |
| 13542629236 | action potentials | brief change from negative to positive in transmembrane potential; all or none response: amplitude of AP does not change based on magnitude of stimulus | 8 | |
| 13542786519 | depolarization | membrane potential more positive than resting potential | 9 | |
| 13542789214 | repolarization | return of membrane potential to resting value | 10 | |
| 13542791834 | hyperpolarization | membrane potential more negative than resting potential | 11 | |
| 13542796710 | threshold | the potential to which a membrane must be depolarized to initiate an action potential | 12 | |
| 13542807638 | spatial summation | 1. simultaneous stimulation by several presynaptic neurons 2. EPSPs spread from several synapses to axon hillock 3. postsynaptic neuron fires | 13 | |
| 13542820226 | temporal summation | 1. high frequency stimulation by one presynaptic neuron 2. EPSPs spread from one synapse to axon hillock 3. postsynaptic neuron fires | 14 | |
| 13542832187 | CNS | brain and spinal cord | 15 | |
| 13542834489 | PNS | nerves and ganglia outside brain and spinal cord | 16 | |
| 13542841358 | forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain | 3 major divisions of the brain | 17 | |
| 13542849939 | telencephalon and diencephalon | 2 parts of the forebrain | 18 | |
| 13542858432 | cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system | 3 parts of the telencephalon | 19 | |
| 13542861218 | thalamus and hypothalamus | 2 parts of the diencephalon | 20 | |
| 13542865465 | tectum and tegmentum | 2 parts of the mesencephalon | 21 | |
| 13542871916 | metencephalon and myelcephalon | 2 parts of the hindbrain | 22 | |
| 13542874668 | cerebellum and pons | 2 parts of the metencephalon | 23 | |
| 13542879150 | medulla oblongata | one part of the myelcephalon | 24 | |
| 13543128102 | exteroception | information about the state of the environment; external to body | 25 | |
| 13543134076 | proprioception | information about the state of the body; body position | 26 | |
| 13543138917 | vestibular | motion, equilibrium | 27 | |
| 13543143430 | photoreceptors | light | 28 | |
| 13543146304 | mechanoreceptors | physical deformation | 29 | |
| 13543150084 | auditory | sound | 30 | |
| 13543150085 | nocioceptors | pain | 31 | |
| 13543152186 | Thermoreceptors | temperature | 32 | |
| 13543162574 | merkel discs, ruffini endings, meissner corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles | 4 mechanoreceptors of the skin | 33 | |
| 13543162575 | merkel discs | form and text (light touch, 2 point discrimination) | 34 | |
| 13543169459 | ruffini endings | pressure, cutaneous stretch | 35 | |
| 13543173156 | meissner corpuscles | low frequency vibration, motion of stimuli (slip, grip control) | 36 | |
| 13543180774 | pacinian corpuscles | deep pressure, high frequency vibration | 37 | |
| 13543185645 | muscle spindles | located in muscle bellies, detect change in muscle length | 38 | |
| 13543191841 | golgi tendon organs | located at muscle-tendon junction, changes in muscle tension: passive stretch, active contraction | 39 | |
| 13543199025 | joint receptors | provide information about joint position, ROM; stretch at end ranges; joint ROM, movement | 40 | |
| 13543219957 | dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract | leads to conscious awareness of sensation: discriminate touch, pressure, vibration, joint position; fast, direct, brings info to brain without an interviewing synapse |  | 41 |
| 13573448644 | DCML Tract Pathway | first order: sensory receptor dorsal root ganglion to dorsal column, ascends to medulla and synapse second order: crosses over in medulla, ascends to the thalamus third order: thalamus to primary somatosensory | 42 | |
| 13573462946 | anterolateral-spinothalamic tract | leads to conscious awareness of sensation: pain, temperature, crude touch, firm pressure, some proprioceptive information; slow conduction |  | 43 |
| 13573482438 | ALST tract pathway | first order: dorsal root ganglion, synapses at the level second order: crosses over at every level of spinal cord then ascends to medulla third order: to primary somatosensory cortex | 44 | |
| 13573571210 | spinocerebellar tract | leads to unconscious proprioception and kinesthesia from muscles and lower body surface, some pain and pressure, fast conduction |  | 45 |
| 13573583520 | spinocerebellar tract pathway | first order: afferent signal from muscle spindles, GTP second order: terminates in cerebellum for unconscious control of posture and coordination | 46 | |
| 13573602441 | pupil | opening through which light enters the eye | 47 | |
| 13573604766 | cornea and lens | refracts and focuses light on the retina | 48 | |
| 13573606677 | retina | light sensitive tissue in the back of the eye | 49 | |
| 13573609061 | fovea | small center portion of retina where detailed vision occurs | 50 | |
| 13573611419 | optic disk | area of retina where all nerve fibers exit the eye towards the CNS | 51 | |
| 13573615133 | photoreceptors | respond to light | 52 | |
| 13573615134 | rods | photoreceptor, movement and contrast | 53 | |
| 13573618703 | cones | photoreceptors, color and fine features | 54 | |
| 13573625973 | visual information to primary visual cortex | visual field > L & R eye > retina > optic nerve > optic chiasm > optic tract > thalamus (LGN) > optic radiations > primary visual cortex | 55 | |
| 13573644751 | semicircular canals, utricle, saccule | 3 parts of the vestibular apparatus | 56 | |
| 13573647980 | semicircular canals | angular head movements | 57 | |
| 13573651848 | utricle | horizontal acceleration | 58 | |
| 13573651849 | saccule | vertical acceleration | 59 | |
| 13573657172 | vestibular system | perception of self-motion, perception of head position, spatial orientation, afferent info is used to stabilize gaze, head and posture | 60 | |
| 13573671247 | spinal cord, extra-ocular motor nuclei, cerebellum, thalamus, sensory cortex | pathways from the vestibular system | 61 | |
| 13573676970 | relays sensory info, directs info, encodes info | 3 important functions of the thalamus for perception | 62 | |
| 13573691614 | sensory relay nuclei | input DCML to VPL ALST to VPL, VI VN to VPM | 63 | |
| 13573696842 | ventral thalamus nuclei | project sensory information to the primary sensory cortex | 64 | |
| 13573698768 | lateral geniculate nucleus | projects visual information to primary visual cortex | 65 | |
| 13574758348 | DCML and ALST tract | input for the somatosensory information | 66 | |
| 13574760664 | somatosensory cortex | output for the somatosensory information | 67 | |
| 13574766166 | optic tract | input for visual information | 68 | |
| 13574769733 | primary visual cortex | output for visual information | 69 | |
| 13574771758 | sensation | neural activity triggered by a stimulus that activates a sensory receptor and results in sensory nerve impulses traveling the sensory nerve pathways to the brain, just an electrical impulse | 70 | |
| 13574773361 | perception | multistage process that takes places in the brain and includes selecting, processing, organizing, and integrating information received from the senses. Process whereby meaning is attached to sensory stimuli; happens in multiple areas | 71 | |
| 13574806102 | primary somatic sensory cortex, unimodal association cortex, multimodal association cortex | sensory hierarchy | 72 | |
| 13574816631 | prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex | motor hierarchy | 73 | |
| 13574824555 | primary somatosensory cortex | major processing area for all somatosensory modalities, basic information form specific senses, receives info from the thalamus | 74 | |
| 13574824556 | unimodal association cortex | decode, re-encode, simple stimulus reorganized into potentially meaningful, recognizable chunks | 75 | |
| 13574832889 | multimodal association cortex | visual, auditory, somatosensory information converges and integrates here; encoding for perception; understanding of where your body is within the environment | 76 | |
| 13574868364 | primary motor cortex and USAC | 2 outputs for primary somatosensory cortex | 77 | |
| 13574884754 | MMAC and premotor cortex | 2 outputs for unimodal sensory association cortex | 78 | |
| 13574893308 | prefrontal cortex | output for MMAC | 79 | |
| 13574931824 | primary motor | activates around 50 ms before movement, relay motor commands via upper motor neurons descending to the medulla, encode for movements, not single muscles (force, direction, speed) | 80 | |
| 13574949213 | primary somatosensory cortex | input for the primary motor cortex | 81 | |
| 13575005164 | supplemental motor area | controls internally initiated movements, re-encodes kinematic to dynamic information; motor planning, force coding, learning | 82 | |
| 13575015890 | prefrontal cortex | input for supplemental motor area | 83 | |
| 13575026914 | premotor cortex, primary motor cortex | output for supplemental motor area | 84 | |
| 13575031246 | UMAC | input for premotor cortex | 85 | |
| 13575034146 | primary motor cortex | output for premotor cortex | 86 | |
| 13575037596 | premotor cortex | important in planning and preparation of movements, associates external sensory stimuli to motor response | 87 | |
| 13575062053 | prefrontal cortex | selection of appropriate actions for a particular behavioral context, executive function, planning action strategy, selection of motor response based on behavioral cortex | 88 | |
| 13575069791 | posterior parietal cortex | input for prefrontal cortex | 89 | |
| 13575075450 | SMA and premotor cortex | output for prefrontal cortex | 90 | |
| 13575090592 | primary somatosensory cortex and motor cortex | simple finger flexion with right index finger | 91 | |
| 13575092086 | SMA | thinking about the movement | 92 | |
| 13575098159 | prefrontal cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, premotor cortex | complex sequence of movements | 93 | |
| 13575122588 | anterior, posterior, flocculonodular | 3 lobes of the cerebellum | 94 | |
| 13575133213 | vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum | 3 functions of the cerebellum | 95 | |
| 13575142171 | visual cortex, vestibular nuclei, semicircular canals | 3 inputs for the vestibulocerebellum | 96 | |
| 13575152093 | vestibular nuclei to head and eye musculature and postural muscles | output for vestibulocerebellum | 97 | |
| 13575162757 | vestibular reflexes, regulation and maintenance of balance, posture, visual tracking | 3 functions of the vestibulocerebellum | 98 | |
| 13575191526 | vermis and intermediate hemispheres | 2 parts of the spinocerebellum | 99 | |
| 13575213316 | spinocerebellar tract, visual vestibular, auditory | 3 inputs for the spinocerebellum | 100 | |
| 13575228111 | fastigial nuclei to thalamus to motor cortex, interposed nuclei to lateral descending pathway | 2 outputs for the spinocerebellum | 101 | |
| 13575239850 | sensory map of joint/limb position, correct deviations from motor plan, feed forward mechanisms, modulate muscle tone | 4 functions of the spinocerebellum | 102 | |
| 13575245461 | cerebral cortex | input for the cerebrocerebellum | 103 | |
| 13575248663 | thalamus to primary motor, premotor, prefrontal cortex | output for the cerebrocerebellum | 104 | |
| 13575260961 | correct deviations from intended movements, motor planning and timing, motor learning | 3 functions of the cerebrocerebellum | 105 | |
| 13575266185 | automatic control of movement, error detection, modification of motor sequence in response to error, motor learning | 4 overall functions of the cerebellum | 106 | |
| 13575308673 | movement initiation and completion, activates and retrieves movement plans, scales movement parameters, adds sequencing information | 4 overall functions of the basal ganglia | 107 | |
| 13575318381 | striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra | 4 functional divisions of the basal ganglia | 108 | |
| 13575335040 | globus pallidus, substantia nigra | 2 outputs for the striatum | 109 | |
| 13575346199 | striatum, subthalamic nucleus | 2 inputs for the globus pallidus | 110 | |
| 13575352228 | thalamus, prefrontal, SMA, premotor cortex | 4 outputs for the globus pallidus | 111 | |
| 13575355660 | striatum | input and output for the subthalamic nucleus | 112 | |
| 13575358425 | globus pallidus | input and output for substantia nigra | 113 | |
| 13575371927 | primary somatosensory and primary motor cortex | 2 inputs to the putamen (motor functions) | 114 | |
| 13575376943 | prefrontal cortex and PPC | 2 inputs to the caudate nucleus (movement planning) | 115 | |
| 13575397855 | corticospinal, corticobulbar, rubrospinal | 3 lateral descending tracts | 116 | |
| 13575403246 | corticospinal and corticobulbar | both apart of the pyramidal tract | 117 | |
| 13575408612 | corticospinal tract | from motor cortex, 90% precise movements | 118 | |
| 13575410897 | corticobulbar tract | from motor cortex, on to muscle of face and neck | 119 | |
| 13575414441 | pyramidal tract | upper motor neurons cross over in pyramids of medulla, descend in spinal cord to level of the appropriate spinal nerve root, lower motor neurons innervate a fiber of skeletal muscle; responsible for voluntary movements, fine motor movements, fast conduction speed |  | 120 |
| 13575448304 | extrapyramidal tract | from interposed nuclei to red nuclei then descends; involuntary and automatic control of all musculature: muscles tone, balance, posture, locomotion; integrates sensory information for posture and balance |  | 121 |
