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| 5000754032 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian Peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam | 0 | |
| 5000754033 | Shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children | 1 | |
| 5000754034 | Mecca | City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian Peninsula; founded by the Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Mohammed; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam | 2 | |
| 5000754035 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750 | 3 | |
| 5001007225 | Quraysh | Tribe of Bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century CE | 4 | |
| 5001007226 | Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among Bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam | 5 | |
| 5001007227 | Medina | Also known as Yathrib; town located north east of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to Bedouins; became refuge for Mohammad following flight from Mecca | 6 | |
| 5001007228 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE and thereafter; died in 632 | 7 | |
| 5001007229 | Khadijah | First wife of the Prophet Mohammed, who had worked for her as a trader (595-615 CE) | 8 | |
| 5001007230 | Qur'an | Recitations of revelations received by Mohammed; the holy book of Islam | 9 | |
| 5001007231 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Mohammed; one of orthodox Caliphs; focus for Shi'a | 10 | |
| 5001007232 | Umma | Community of the faithful with in Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity | 11 | |
| 5001007233 | Zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | 12 | |
| 5001007234 | Five pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj | 13 | |
| 5001007235 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset | 14 | |
| 5001007236 | Hajj | A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba | 15 | |
| 5001007237 | Caliph | The political and religious successor to Mohammed | 16 | |
| 5001007238 | Bakr, Abu | One of Mohammed's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first Caliph of Islamic community (C. 573-634 CE) | 17 | |
| 5001007239 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Mohammed's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 18 | |
| 5001007240 | Jihad | Struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith | 19 | |
| 5001007241 | Copts | Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to byzantine rule | 20 | |
| 5001007242 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasion of this area in preference to byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions | 21 | |
| 5001007243 | Uthman | Third Caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and Umayyad clan | 22 | |
| 5001007244 | Battle of Siffin | Thought and 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that lead to fragmentation of Ali's party | 23 | |
| 5001007245 | Mu'awiya | Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad Caliph following civil war with Ali (602-680) | 24 | |
| 5001007246 | Sunnis | Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads | 25 | |
| 5001007247 | Shi'a | Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali | 26 | |
| 5001007248 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 27 | |
| 5001007249 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate | 28 | |
| 5001007250 | Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 29 | |
| 5001007251 | Jizya | Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories | 30 | |
| 5001007252 | Dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus | 31 | |
| 5001007253 | Hadiths | Traditions of the prophet | 32 | |
| 5001007254 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as Caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE | 33 | |
| 5001007255 | Battle of the River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 34 | |
| 5001007256 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capitalof Ctesiphon | 35 | |
| 5001007257 | Wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of the empire | 36 | |
| 5001007258 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 37 | |
| 5001007259 | Ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 38 | |
| 5027547799 | Who were the tribal and clan leaders within Bedouin society? | The Shaykhs | 39 | |
| 5027547800 | Where was Mecca located? | The mountainous region along the Red Sea on the Arabian Peninsula | 40 | |
| 5027547801 | For what was Mecca known? | It was the site of the Ka'ba and the original home of Muhammed | 41 | |
| 5027547802 | What clan was part of the Quraysh and controlled the political and commercial life of Mecca? | Umayyad | 42 | |
| 5027547803 | Who was the prophet of Islam? | Muhammad | 43 | |
| 5027547804 | Where were Muhammad's revelations recorded? | The Qur'an | 44 | |
| 5027547805 | What were the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims called? | The Five Pillars | 45 | |
| 5027547806 | What were the Five Pillars? | Profession of the faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj | 46 | |
| 5027547807 | What duties did the Caliph perform? | He was the religious and political leader in Islam after Muhammad's death | 47 | |
| 5027547808 | What was the concept of holy war called? | Jihads | 48 | |
| 5027547809 | Damascus was the capital of what empire? | The Umayyad Empire | 49 | |
| 5027547810 | "People of the Book" were usually Christian or Jewish, called______? | Dhimmi | 50 | |
| 5027547811 | What empire followed the Umayyad? | The Abbasid | 51 | |
| 5027547812 | In what direction did the capital of Islam moved? | North or Northeast | 52 | |
| 5027547813 | Why did the capitals of Islam move? | To follow the stronger parts of an empire with larger concentrations of people | 53 |
