Notes from Peter Gray's Psychology: Sixth Edition (International Edition)
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| 2953108479 | Clever Hans | "Genius" horse raised by Mr. von Osten, who, after educating Hans, believed that the horse was able to answer practically any question asked of him through hoof taps and head movements | 0 | |
| 2953108480 | Mr. von Osten | Eccentric retired schoolteacher and devoted horseman who believed that, with a proper education, horses could become as intelligent as humans; trained Clever Hans; never sought personal gain from Hans | 1 | |
| 2953108481 | Oskar Pfungst | Psychologist who discovered that Clever Hans, rather than being a genius horse, instead relied on humans' subtle and subconscious actions to answer questions | 2 | |
| 2953108482 | Fact | An objective statement that reasonable observers agree is true; aka an observation | 3 | |
| 2953108483 | Theory | An idea, or conceptual model, that is designed to explain existing facts and make predictions about new facts that might be discovered | 4 | |
| 2953108484 | Hypothesis | Any prediction about new facts that is made from a theory | 5 | |
| 2953108485 | Facts, theories, hypotheses, experiments, facts | The cycle of science | 6 | |
| 2953108486 | Independent variable | The variable in an experiment that is hypothesized to cause some effect on another variable | 7 | |
| 2953108487 | Dependent variable | The variable in an experiment that is hypothesized to be affected | 8 | |
| 2953108488 | Experiment | A procedure in which a researcher systematically manipulates one or more variables and looks for changes in one or more dependent variables, while keeping all other variables constant | 9 | |
| 2953108489 | Subjects of study | The people and animals that are studied in a research study | 10 | |
| 2953108490 | Within-subject experiments | Experiments in which each subject is tested in each of the different condition of the independent variable | 11 | |
| 2953108491 | Between-groups experiments | Experiments in which there is a separate group of subjects for each different condition of the independent variable | 12 | |
| 2953108492 | Alberto DiMascio | Identified a group of patients suffering from major depression and assigned them randomly to different treatments: drug therapy, psychotherapy, both, or neither; the use of both was the most effective treatment | 13 | |
| 2953108493 | Random assignment | A method, relying only on chance, used to assign subjects to treatment groups | 14 | |
| 2953108494 | Correlational study | A study in which the researcher does not manipulate any variable, but observes or measures two or more already existing variables to find relationships between them | 15 | |
| 2953108495 | Diana Baumrind | Studied the relationship between parents' disciplinary styles and children's behavioral development; between authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive disciplinary styles, authoritative was found to be most effective; other interpretations are possible, however | 16 | |
| 2953108496 | Authoritarian disciplinary style | Disciplinary style in which there is a high exertion of parental power | 17 | |
| 2953108497 | Authoritative disciplinary style | A kinder and more democratic disciplinary style in which the parents are still clearly in charge | 18 | |
| 2953108498 | Permissive disciplinary style | Disciplinary style displaying parental laxity in the face of their children's disruptive behaviors | 19 | |
| 2953108499 | Descriptive study | A study in which the aim is to describe the behavior of an individual or set of individuals without assessing relationships between different variables | 20 | |
| 2953108500 | Jane Goodall | Researcher who performed a descriptive study on wild chimpanzees in Africa for 30 years | 21 | |
| 2953108501 | Laboratory study | Any research study in which the subjects are brought to a specially designated area that has been set up to facilitate the researcher's collection of data or control over environmental conditions | 22 | |
| 2953108502 | Field study | Any research study conducted in a setting other than a laboratory | 23 | |
| 2953108503 | Self-report methods | Procedures in which people are asked to rate or describe their own behavior or mental state in some way; done through a questionnaire or through an interview | 24 | |
| 2953108504 | Observational methods | All procedures by which researchers observe and record the behavior of interest, rather than relying on subjects' self-reports | 25 | |
| 2953108505 | Naturalistic observation | Research method in which the researcher avoids interfering with the subjects' behavior | 26 | |
| 2953108506 | Tests | Research method in which the researcher deliberately presents, problems, tasks, or situations in which the subject responds | 27 | |
| 2953108507 | Gilda Morelli | Researcher who spent many months living with the Efe people she was studying so that she could perform a naturalistic observation on them | 28 | |
| 2953108508 | Descriptive statistics | Statistics used to summarize sets of data | 29 | |
| 2953108509 | Inferential statistics | Statistics used to help researchers decide how confident they can be in judging that the results observed are not by chance | 30 | |
| 2953108510 | Mean | The arithmetic average, determined by adding the scores, then dividing the results by the number of scores | 31 | |
| 2953108511 | Median | The center score of a set of data, determined by ranking the scores from lowest to highest and finding the middle score | 32 | |
| 2953108512 | Variability | The degree to which the numbers in a set differ from one another and from their mean | 33 | |
| 2953108513 | Standard deviation | A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | 34 | |
| 2953108514 | Correlation coefficient | A statistic that describes the strength and direction of a relationship when both variables are measured numerically; produces a result between +1.00 to -1.00; the sign (+ or -) indicates the direction of the correlation (positive or negative) while the absolute value indicates the strength of the correlation | 35 | |
| 2953108515 | Positive correlation | Correlation in which an increase in one variable coincides with a tendency in the other to increase as well | 36 | |
| 2953108516 | Negative correlation | Correlation in which a an increase in one variable coincides with a tendency in the other to decrease | 37 | |
| 2953108517 | Level of significance (p) | The probability that a difference as great or greater than that observed would occur by chance if, in a larger population, there were no difference between the two means | 38 | |
| 2953108518 | Statistically significant | Label given to results if the p-value is found to be less than 0.05 (5%) | 39 | |
| 2953108519 | Error | Random variability in results | 40 | |
| 2953108520 | Bias | Nonrandom (directed) effects caused by some factor or factors extraneous to the research hypothesis | 41 | |
| 2953108521 | Biased sample | Sample of two groups who are systematically different from each other, or are different from the larger population that the researcher is interested in | 42 | |
| 2953108522 | Face validity | An experiment has this if common sense tells us that a measurement procedure assesses the intended characteristic | 43 | |
| 2953108523 | Observer-expectancy effects | Biases resulting from a researchers' wishes and expectations that can affect how they behave and what they observe | 44 | |
| 2953108524 | Autism | A congenital disorder of development, characterized by a deficit in the ability to form emotional bonds and to communicate with other people | 45 | |
| 2953108525 | Blind | A term in an experiment that means "uninformed" | 46 | |
| 2953108526 | Subject-expectancy effects | Expectations of the subject that may affect the results of an experiment | 47 | |
| 2953108527 | Double-blind experiment | An experiment in which both the observer and the subjects are kept blind | 48 | |
| 2953108528 | Placebo | An inactive substance that looks like the real drug | 49 | |
| 2953108529 | Ethical considerations | 1. A person's right to privacy 2. The possibility of discomfort or harm 3. The use of deception | 50 |
