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| 256580696 | C-4 Photosynthesis | Biochemical and anatomical modifications of C-3 photosynthesis adapted for dry environments. | |
| 256580697 | Photosynthesis | 6CO2 +12H2O = C6H12O6 =6H2O + 6O2, Process by which plants convert solar energy into energy stored in chemical bonds. Consists of 2 sets of reactions, Light dependant and light independent. | |
| 256580698 | CAM Plants | Crassulacean acid metabolism plants modified for dry environments. | |
| 256580699 | Kranz Anatomy | Modification that minimizes time stomates must remain open. Bundle sheath cells tightly wrap a vein and are surrounded by mesophyll cells. | |
| 256580700 | Aerobic Respiration | Occurs in mitochondria, requires the presence of oxygen, Consists of Krebs cycle and Etc Occurs after the anaerobic respiration phase, Produces 36 ATP | |
| 256580701 | ATP Synthase | A protein complex that sits within the cristae membrane of a mitochondrion, Responsible for producing ATP as protons (H+) flow down a gradient through the channel from the outer compartment to the inner matrix | |
| 256580702 | Chemiosmosis | a process by which ATP is formed in mitochondria as protons flow down a proton gradient through the ATP synthase complex in the cristae membrane, Known as the Mitchell hypothesis | |
| 256580703 | Glycolysis | Occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell prior to aerobic respiration, the anaerobic breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate (the raw material for the Krebs cycle), Activation energy is ATP, A multistep anaerobic process that yields $ ATP molecules (Net Gain of 2 ATP) and 2 molecules of NADPH | |
| 256580704 | Redox Reactions: | Reduction gain of electrons; gain of hydrogen. Oxidation: loss of electrons; loss of hydrogen; cell respiration is an overall oxidative reaction | |
| 256580705 | Chloroplast: | outer double membrane, stroma-site of dark reactions, Grana- site of light reactions; consists of thylakoid membranes | |
| 256580706 | Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration)- | a small amount of energy, begins with glycolysis, converts NADH to NAD+ by transferring electrons | |
| 256580707 | Antenna Pigments- | Capture wavelengths of light other than those absorbed by chlorophyll a, thus expanding the spectrum of light that can be used to power photosynthesis | |
| 256580708 | Substrate-level Phosphorylation - | Process that produces a small amount of ATP during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. During this process, the enzyme kinase transfers a phosphate from a substrate directly to ATP. | |
| 256580709 | Oxidative Phosphorylation - | The way most ATP is produced during aerobic respiration - chemiosmosis. Produces ATP by using energy derived from the redox reactions of the ETC. | |
| 256580710 | NAD+ - NADH - | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Carries electrons to the ETC from glycolysis and Krebs cycle. NAD+ = oxidized; NADH = reduced. Each NADH produces 3 ATP during ETC. | |
| 256580711 | FAD - FADH2 - | Flavin adenine dinucleotide. FADH2 carries electrons to EFC from Krebs cycle, entering at lower energy levels than NADH does. FADH2 = reduced; FAD = oxidized. Each FADH2 produces 2 ATP during ETC. | |
| 256580712 | Light Independent Reactions | Occur in the Stroma. Do not depend on Light directly. Require the products of the light reactions. | |
| 256580713 | Cyclic Photo-phosphorylation | Replenishes ATP, no NADPH is formed. Occurs when the Calvin Cycle uses up available ATP. Electrons travel from PSII to PSI and back to PSII. | |
| 256580714 | Noncyclic Photo-phosphorylation | Process begins at PSII and continues to PSI. Electrons supplied by photolysis enter two ETC's and ATP and NADPH are formed. NADP bonds to the H+ that diffused through the ATP- Synthetase channel across the thylakoid membrane. | |
| 256580715 | Photosystems (PS) | Light- Harvesting complexes located in the grana. Consists of a reaction center containing chlorophyll a plus antenna pigments. Two photosystems: PSI and PSII. PSI activates before PSI. | |
| 256580716 | Calvin Cycle | Carbon fixation. Produces PGAL (G3P), a three carbon sugar. Occurs in the stoma. Co2 combines with RuBP (5-carbon molecule) to produce 2 3 carbon molecules; hence C3 plants. Catalyzed be Rubisco (RuBP carboxylase) uses large amounts of ATP. | |
| 256580717 | Photorespiration | dead end process that diverts energy from photosynthesis. No Atp is produced/ No sugar is produced. Occurs when Rubisco binds to O2 instead of CO2 because Rubisco has a greater affinity for O2 than CO2. | |
| 256580718 | Krebs cycle | Part of aerobic respiration. Raw material = acetyl coA (coenzyme A combined with Pyruvate). Each turn of the cycle produce 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP. Occurs in the mitochondrial inner matrix. Also known as citric acid cycle. Produced ATP by substrate level phosphorylation. CO2 is a waist product. | |
| 256580719 | Electron Transport Chain (ETC) | Energy coupling reaction that creates H+ gradient in the cristae membrane necessary for chemiosmosis. Electrons flow down the chain from one carrier molecule to the next in a series of redox reactions. Energy released from the exergonic flow of electrons in used to pump protons across the cristae membrane to create a proton gradient. The final hydrogen (H+) acceptor in the chain is oxygen H2+1/2O=H2O. Water is a waste product and is exhaled. | |
| 256580720 | Photosynthetic Pigments | Absorb light energy to provide energy for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll a and b = green. Carentoid and xanthophyll = yellow, orange, red. Phycobillins = red. A pigment absorbs all colors that it does not reflect. | |
| 256580721 | ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) | 3 phosphates, used as source of immediate energy. | |
| 256580722 | Mitochondrion Parts | Outer compartment = where ETC pumps protons, Inner matrix = site of Krebs cycle, Cristae membrane = site of electron transport chain and ATP synthase complex | |
| 256580723 | Light-dependent reactions | Light is absorbed by PS II and PS I in the thylakoid membranes. ATP is produced, photolysis provides electrons, NADP carries H2 to the dark reactions. | |
| 256580724 | Hatch-Slack Pathway | A biochemical pathway that precedes the Calvin Cycle and pumps CO2 into the bundle sheath cells deep within the leaf. | |
| 256580725 | Cytochromes | Proteins that help make up the ETC. Similar in structure to hemoglobin but transport electrons. |
