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| 3606748188 | Viruses | Can exist intracellularly OR extracellularly. | 0 | |
| 3606748189 | Inactive | When viruses are extracellular, they are this. | 1 | |
| 3606748190 | Intracellular | When viruses exist primarily as replicating nucleic acids | 2 | |
| 3606748191 | Virions | Complete virus particle | 3 | |
| 3606748192 | Bacteriophages | Viruses that infect bacteria | 4 | |
| 3606748193 | Nucleocapsid | Simplest virion; nucleic acid + capsid | 5 | |
| 3606748194 | Capsid | Coating that protects the genome | 6 | |
| 3606748195 | Helical capsids | Hollow tubes with protein walls (ex. TMV) | 7 | |
| 3606748196 | Icosahedral capids | Regular polyhedron with 20 equilateral triangular faces + 12 vertices | 8 | |
| 3606748197 | Capsomers | Ring-shaped, morphological unit of which Icosahedral capsids are constructed | 9 | |
| 3606748198 | Pentamers | Have 5 protomer | 10 | |
| 3606748199 | Hexamers | Have 6 protomer | 11 | |
| 3606748200 | Protomers | Capsid proteins | 12 | |
| 3606748201 | Envelope | Outer membranous layer | 13 | |
| 3606748202 | Peptomers | Scientific name for "spikes". Can be used for attachment to host cell. | 14 | |
| 3606748203 | Viral genomes | dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA | 15 | |
| 3606748204 | 3,000-4,000 | How many nucleotides does a small virus have? | 16 | |
| 3606748205 | 1.2x10^6 | How many nucleotides does a large virus have? | 17 | |
| 3606748206 | Attachment | First step in viral multiplication | 18 | |
| 3606748207 | Entry into the host | Second step in viral multiplication | 19 | |
| 3606748208 | Synthesis stage | Third step in viral multiplication | 20 | |
| 3606748209 | Assembly | Fourth step in viral multiplication | 21 | |
| 3606748210 | Virion release | Last step in viral multiplication | 22 | |
| 3606748211 | Virulent | Begin multiplying immediately upon entering the host, then release by lysis | 23 | |
| 3606748212 | Temperate | Have 2 options: 1. Enter host cell, multiply like virulent, and burst cell. (LYTIC) 2. Remain within host without destroying it. (LYSOGENIC) | 24 | |
| 3606748213 | Prophage | Form of the virus that remains within the host cell | 25 | |
| 3606748214 | Lysogenic conversion | When a temperate phage changes the phenotype of its host | 26 | |
| 3606748215 | Cytopathic effects | Degenerative changes/abnormalities in host cells and tissues that are distinct from lysis. | 27 | |
| 3606748216 | Tumor | Growth or lump of tissue resulting from neoplasia | 28 | |
| 3606748217 | Neoplasia | Unregulated, abnormal, new cell growth and reproduction | 29 | |
| 3606748218 | Anaplasia | Invasive growth that forms unorganized cell masses | 30 | |
| 3606748219 | Benign tumor | Tumors that remain in place | 31 | |
| 3606748220 | Malignant tumor | Tumors that spread throughout the body | 32 | |
| 3606748221 | Oncogenes | A gene that has the potential to cause cancer | 33 | |
| 3606748222 | Oncoviruses | Viruses associated with cancer | 34 | |
| 3606748223 | Viroids | Infectious agents that only have RNA and cause plant diseases | 35 | |
| 3606748224 | Satellites | Have either DNA OR RNA but can encode their own gene products | 36 | |
| 3606748225 | Replisome | Carries out replication | 37 | |
| 3606748226 | Septation | Forming a cross wall between 2 daughter cells | 38 | |
| 3606748227 | Cytokinesis | Cytoplasm of a single cell is divided and forms 2 daughter cells | 39 | |
| 3606748228 | Extremophiles | Organisms that live in harsh conditions | 40 | |
| 3606748229 | Important environmental factors on microbial growth | - Solutes - Water activity - pH - Temp - O2 levels - Pressure - Radiation | 41 | |
| 3606748230 | Hypertonic | Too much water coming out. Cell shrivels up, higher concentration of solutes outside of cell | 42 | |
| 3606748231 | Hypotonic | Cell fills up with water and bursts. Lower osmotic pressure than surrounding medium | 43 | |
| 3606748232 | Isotonic | Balanced, normal state. Equal osmotic pressure between inside and outside of cell | 44 | |
| 3606748233 | Acidophiles | Grow @ optimum between pH of 0-5.5 | 45 | |
| 3606748234 | Neutrophiles | Grow @ optimum between pH of 5.5-8.0 | 46 | |
| 3606748235 | Alkalophiles | Grow @ optimum between pH of 8.0-11.5 | 47 | |
| 3606748236 | Cardinal temperatures | Minimum, maximum, and optimum growth temperatures. Optimum usually closer to maximum. | 48 | |
| 3606748237 | 0-75 degrees Celsius | Optima temperature for microorganisms | 49 | |
| 3606748238 | Psychrophiles | Cold environments; grow well at 0 degrees Celsius. Optimum temp is 15 degrees, max is 20. | 50 | |
| 3606748239 | Psychrotrophs | Grow @ 0 degrees. Max = 35. Major cause of food spoilage in refrigerator! | 51 | |
| 3606748240 | Mesophiles | Moderate environments. Optimum = 20-45 degrees Celsius. Max = 45. Min = 15-20. Most human pathogens!! | 52 | |
| 3606748241 | Thermophiles | Grow @ 45-85 degrees Celsius. Optima = 55-65. Mostly bacteria and archae that love HOT environments. | 53 | |
| 3606748242 | Hyperthermophiles | Optima = 85-115 degrees Celsius. Found in areas of the marine floor. | 54 | |
| 3606748243 | Oligotrophic environments | Environments in which nutrients are low. Starvation types of environments. | 55 | |
| 3606748244 | Culture medium | Solid or liquid; used to grow, transport & store mircoorganisms. | 56 | |
| 3606748245 | Defined (synthetic) media | All chemical components are known in this media | 57 | |
| 3606748246 | Complex media | Has some ingredients of unknown chemical composition | 58 | |
| 3606748247 | Agar | Solidifying agent | 59 | |
| 3606748248 | Supportive media | Media that sustains the growth of many microorganisms | 60 | |
| 3606748249 | Enriched media | Nutrients are added to support a media to encourage the growth of fastidia organisms | 61 | |
| 3606748250 | Selective media | Allows for the growth of particular microorganisms while inhibiting the growth of others | 62 | |
| 3606748251 | Differential media | Distinguish among different groups of microbes and even permits tentative identification of microorganisms based on their biological characteristics | 63 | |
| 3606748252 | Growth curve | Log # of viable cells vs. Time. Four "times" on the graph: Lag, Exponential (log), stationary phase, and death. | 64 | |
| 3606748253 | Log | First phase of growth curve. No immediate increase in cell #'s occurs. Cells are synthesizing new components. Eventually, cells begin to replicate, increase in weight, and divide. | 65 | |
| 3606748254 | Exponential (log) | Where microorganisms are growing and dividing at the maximum possible rate given their genetic potential and environmental conditions. Growth rate is constant. | 66 | |
| 3606748255 | Stationary phase | Nothing is happening, population growth ceases and the growth curve becomes horizontal | 67 | |
| 3606748256 | Senescence | Programmed cell death | 68 | |
| 3606748257 | Death | A fraction of the microbial population is genetically programmed to die after growth stops | 69 | |
| 3606748258 | Viable but not culturable | VBNC | 70 | |
| 3606748259 | Direct counts | Direct measurements of cell numbers. A counting chamber. | 71 | |
| 3606748260 | *Do practice examples* | Dillutions | 72 | |
| 3606748261 | Biocide | A chemical agent capable of destroying living organisms | 73 | |
| 3606748262 | Sterilization | Process by which all living spores, viruses, viroids, and prions are either destroyed or removed from a habitat. | 74 | |
| 3606748263 | Disinfection | Killing, inhibiting, or removal of microorganisms that may cause disease. Destruction of potential pathogens. | 75 | |
| 3606748264 | Disinfecants | Chemical agents used for disinfection. Used only on fomites (inanimate objects) | 76 | |
| 3606748265 | Sanitization | Microbial populations are reduced to levels considered "safe" by public health standards. Inanimate objects are cleaned as well as being partially disinfected. | 77 | |
| 3606748266 | Antiseptics | Chemical agents applied to tissue to prevent infection by killing or inhibiting pathogen growth. Not as toxic as disinfectants. | 78 | |
| 3606748267 | Antisepsis | Destruction of microorganisms on living tissues. | 79 | |
| 3606748268 | Chemotherapy | Use of chemical agents to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms within the host tissues. Includes antibiotics, antifungals, etc. | 80 | |
| 3606748269 | D-Value | Decimal reduction time. The time required to kill 90% of microorganisms or spores in a sample under specified conditions. | 81 | |
| 3606748270 | Filtration | Reduce the # of organisms in solutions of heat-sensitive material. | 82 | |
| 3606748271 | Kinds of filters | Depth, membrane, and HEPA (high efficiency particulate air filter) | 83 | |
| 3606748272 | Heat control methods | Moist heat destroys viruses, bacteria and fungi. Kills by degrading nucleic acids and denatures proteins/enzymes. | 84 | |
| 3606748273 | Autoclave | Heat sterilization contraption. 121 degrees Celsius at 15 PSI | 85 | |
| 3606748274 | UV Radiation | Good. Doesn't penetrate glass, dirt films, water and other substances. Used only in specific situations. | 86 | |
| 3606748275 | Ionizing Radiation | Great! Penetrates deep into objects. | 87 | |
| 3606748276 | Phenolics | First widely used antiseptics and disinfectants. Includes: cresols, xylenols, orthophenols and lysol. | 88 | |
| 3606748277 | Alcohols | Most widely used antiseptics and disinfectants. Affects bacterial and fungicidal, NOT sporocidal. Includes: ethanol and isopropyl. | 89 | |
| 3606748278 | Halogens | Any of the 5 elements in group 7A of the periodic table. Iodine and chlorine are most important (antiseptics) | 90 | |
| 3606748279 | Iodophor | Water soluble, stable and non-staining, used to clean pre-op skin. | 91 | |
| 3606748280 | Chlorine | Used for disinfecting municipal water supplies, dairy and food industry. | 92 | |
| 3606748281 | Heavy metals | No longer used for cleaning because of how toxic they are. Mercury, silver, arsenic, and zinc. | 93 | |
| 3606748282 | Quaternary Ammonium Compounds | Detergents with broad spectrum antimicrobial properties. Disinfectants. | 94 | |
| 3606748283 | Aldehydes | Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. Sporicidal "fixatives" | 95 | |
| 3606748284 | Ethylene Oxide | Sterilizing gas | 96 | |
| 3606748285 | Antimicrobial agent effectiveness | Influenced by: Population size, population composition, concentration or intensity of antimicrobial agent, contact time, and temperatute. | 97 | |
| 3606748286 | Larger | For antimicrobial agent effectiveness, ______ population requires longer time. | 98 | |
| 3606748287 | Composition | Effectiveness of antimicrobial agent varies with the type of organism or population _________. Remember: spores. | 99 | |
| 3606748288 | Concentrated | Usually the more ___________, the more rapidly organisms are killed. Exceptions include 70% ethanol water more effective than 90% ethanol. | 100 | |
| 3606748289 | Longer | The ________ an organism is exposed, the more microbes that are killed. (Contact time) | 101 | |
| 3606748290 | Increase | An __________ in temperature usually enhances the antimicrobial. | 102 |
