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| 2018147087 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 2018152415 | biological perspective | behavior is determined by the physical structure and function of the nervous and endocrine systems | 1 | |
| 2018162646 | psychiatrist | a medical doctor who specializes in mental/psychological disorders. (s)he can do therapy, but typically prescribes medications | 2 | |
| 2018191972 | psychologist | a Ph.D., Ed.D, or Psy.D. level doctor who can provide therapy, but usually cannot prescribe medicines | 3 | |
| 2018202425 | naturalistic observation | limited to observations and recording of data, such as recording the frequency of a behavior | 4 | |
| 2018234146 | case study | used for a unusual and/or rare occurrences or disorders | 5 | |
| 2018244185 | survey | requires a representative sample | 6 | |
| 2018246702 | correlation | used to find a relationship between two variables by taking two measurements for each member of a sample; does not determine cause/effect. measures relationship between variables that experimenter cannot control- such as relationship between intelligence and academic grades | 7 | |
| 2018263399 | experimental method | determines cause and effect; subjects must be assigned to groups at random | 8 | |
| 2018270010 | independent variable | the variable in an experiment that the researcher controls and manipulates on purpose; the experimental treatment or condition that only the experimental group is exposed to | 9 | |
| 2018288430 | dependent variable | the variable in an experiment that the researcher measures in both the experimental and control group | 10 | |
| 2018303659 | double-blind technique | an experiment where both the researcher and the subjects in the experiment do not know who is being exposed to a real treatment and who is being exposed to a placebo; used to control the placebo effect and experimenter bias | 11 | |
| 2018312081 | placebo | sugar pill or fake treatment | 12 | |
| 2018317093 | placebo effect | subject's expectations; such as their responding to a sugar pill | 13 | |
| 2018324405 | experimenter bias | the researcher's expectations | 14 | |
| 2018329955 | ethical standards for psychological research | subjects must participate voluntarily; subjects must give informed consent to participation; when subjects are deceived, they must be debriefed | 15 | |
| 2018418031 | synapse | the place where the axon terminal of a sending neuron and the dendrite of a receiving neuron meet | 16 | |
| 2018424277 | neurotransmitters | chemicals that carry messages between neurons | 17 | |
| 2018427209 | dopamine | neurotransmitter found to be high in schizophrenia; antipsychotic medications reduce dopamine levels | 18 | |
| 2018437508 | serotonin & norepinephrine | neurotransmitters found to be low in persons with depression | 19 | |
| 2018441446 | cerebellum | controls movement and balance | 20 | |
| 2018445454 | hypothalamus | controls drives such as hunger, thirst and sex, and regulates body temperature | 21 | |
| 2018450146 | limbic system | involved in emotion, memory and motivation | 22 | |
| 2018456722 | brain hemispheres | left controls language | 23 | |
| 2018459946 | frontal lobes | controls ability to think, control our impulses and plan for the future | 24 | |
| 2018463932 | PET scan & fMRI | methods of studying the brain that reveal brain activity | 25 | |
| 2018474073 | peripheral nervous system | nerves that go from the spinal cord out to the body and from the body to the spinal cord. divided into the autonomic and somatic divisions | 26 | |
| 2018483429 | sympathetic nervous system | "fight or flight" response | 27 | |
| 2018500332 | adrenal glands | secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, both of which are involved in the body's response to stress | 28 | |
| 2018511489 | general adaptation syndrome | 3 stages of physiological response to stress: alarm, resistance, exhaustion | 29 | |
| 2018517989 | alarm | ready to handle stress, but not particularly resistant to effects of stress | 30 | |
| 2018522954 | resistance | least likely to become ill | 31 | |
| 2018524266 | exhaustion | most likely to become ill | 32 | |
| 2018528326 | approach-approach decision | having to choose between two equally desirable, but mutually exclusive options | 33 | |
| 2018534882 | PTSD | following severe stress some people might develop symptoms including nightmares, flashbacks, and intrusive thoughts or memories | 34 | |
| 2018547279 | problem focused coping | attempts to modify, reduce or eliminate a stressor | 35 | |
| 2018552344 | emotion focused coping | attempts to modify thoughts and feelings regarding a stressor | 36 | |
| 2018558982 | stress resistance | characterized by OPTIMISM, feeling in control of your life, being committed to personal goals, and thinking of change as a challenge | 37 | |
| 2018570031 | life changing events/major life events | make people more susceptible to physical and/or mental illness | 38 | |
| 2018573270 | hassles | frustrating events in daily life | 39 | |
| 2018578485 | psychoneuroimmunology | studies the effect of stress on the immune system | 40 | |
| 2018580020 | stress/illness | makes it difficult for the body to resist disease | 41 | |
| 2018585069 | stressors that affect the immune system | frustrations, positive and negative major life events, chronic stressors | 42 | |
| 2018589081 | social support | related to quicker recovery from illness, surviving heart attacks | 43 | |
| 2018591267 | classical conditioning | learning internal, involuntary responses such as fears due to a neutral stimulus being paired with a stimulus that naturally causes the involuntary response. | 44 | |
| 2018595038 | unconditioned stimulus | naturally leads to an inborn, involuntary response (Little Albert: the loud noise; Pavlov: food) | 45 | |
| 2018909948 | unconditioned response | an inborn, involuntary response to an US (Little Albert: fear of loud noise; Pavlov: salivating to food) | 46 | |
| 2019003057 | conditioned response | a learned, involuntary response to a CS (Little Albert: fear of rat; Pavlov: salivating to bell) | 47 | |
| 2019007445 | conditioned stimulus | a stimulus that leads to an involuntary response as a result of learning (Little Albert: the rat; Pavlov: bell) | 48 | |
| 2019013636 | extinction | gradual weakening of a CR resulting from presenting the CS without the US; presenting only the bell (CS) to Pavlov's dogs | 49 | |
| 2019013635 | extinction | gradual weakening of a CR resulting from presenting the CS without the US; presenting only the bell (CS) to Pavlov's dogs | 50 | |
| 2019034409 | stimulus generalization | making a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the CS, but not really the CS. Example: fear of snakes generalizes to fear of worms | 51 | |
| 2019015100 | operant conditioning | learning external, voluntary responses due to the consequence (reinforcement or punishment) that follows the response | 52 | |
| 2019036509 | shaping | the process of teaching a new operant response by reinforcing successive approximations to the new behavior being taught | 53 | |
| 2019043876 | positive reinforcement | giving something desirable; goal is to increase a response; example - giving a reward, attention or praise | 54 | |
| 2019046443 | negative reinforcement | removing something undesirable; goal is to increase a response; example - medication that relieves discomfort takes away the discomfort thereby increasing the likelihood that the medication will be used next time the learner experiences discomfort | 55 | |
| 2019041810 | reinforcement | any consequence that tends to increase a response; best way to teach a new response; decreases the probability that a response will be repeated | 56 | |
| 2019049633 | punishment | any consequence that tends to decrease a response | 57 | |
| 2019061528 | behavior modification | techniques that make use of learning principles to encourage desirable behavior or eliminate undesirable behavior | 58 | |
| 2019064973 | observational learning | learning by watching others or imitating a model, such as on TV | 59 | |
| 2019072494 | short term memory | holds 7 items for no more than 30 seconds | 60 | |
| 2019073363 | rehearsal | increases the duration of STM beyond 30 seconds | 61 | |
| 2019074791 | long term memory | holds unlimited amount of information for an indefinite period of time | 62 | |
| 2019104722 | explicit/declarative | memory for facts | 63 | |
| 2019106634 | semantic | memory for general knowledge or facts | 64 | |
| 2019108603 | episodic | memory for personal information | 65 | |
| 2019115716 | implicit/non-declarative/procedure | memory for skills, habits, and classically conditioned, automatic, involuntary responses | 66 | |
| 2019121327 | recall | measuring memory without giving hints or cues; examples: short answer, essay and fill in the blank questions | 67 | |
| 2019117679 | retrieval | bringing back to mind information that has been stored in LTM | 68 | |
| 2019121761 | recognition | measuring memory while giving hints or cues; example: multiple choice test | 69 | |
| 2019122608 | decay | memory fading with the passing of time or lack of use of the information | 70 | |
| 2019131485 | interference | forgetting because other information gets in the way of what you are trying to remember | 71 | |
| 2019132891 | reconstructive memory | memory is not always accurate; memory is pieced together and contains distortions | 72 | |
| 2019135540 | serial position effect | tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the items in the middle | 73 | |
| 2025105330 | longitudinal study | studying the same group of people as they age over an extended period of time | 74 | |
| 2025105783 | cross-section study | studying groups of people of various ages at the same time | 75 | |
| 2025112364 | Harlow's study | monkeys attached to the "moms" based on physical contact (contact comfort) | 76 | |
| 2025107698 | teratogen | substance that is harmful to prenatal development; alcohol, tobacco, toxins | 77 | |
| 2025114096 | attachment | intense love or bonding that infant displays towards primary care giver | 78 | |
| 2025121111 | secure attachment | young children who explore independently, but occasionally return to their mothers | 79 | |
| 2025125196 | Piaget's stages of cognitive development | sensory motor; preoperational; concrete operational; formal operations | 80 | |
| 2025141516 | sensory motor | 0-2 yrs, development of object permanence | 81 | |
| 2025163437 | concrete operational | children between 7 and 11 begin to think logically, but only concretely; gain conservation (understand that number, volume, etc., don't always change when appearance changes - example: juice in different shaped glasses) | 82 | |
| 2025157448 | preoperational | children thinking between 2 & 7 years is egocentric and illogical | 83 | |
| 2025182243 | formal operational | children 12 and older understand abstract concepts such as freedom and liberty | 84 | |
| 2025192204 | Erickson's stages of phychosocial development | emphasizes how social forces influence the development of personality | 85 | |
| 2025197448 | autonomy vs shame and doubt | children exert their will with "NO! ME! MINE!" | 86 | |
| 2025194688 | trust vs mistrust | establish a sense of trust | 87 | |
| 2025202075 | initiative vs guilt | want to self-start and try things | 88 | |
| 2025205758 | identity vs role confusion | adolescents ask themselves "who am I?" | 89 | |
| 2025204085 | industry vs inferiority | develop competencies | 90 | |
| 2025214294 | intimacy vs isolation | relationship commitment; have to have a sense of identity before can truly experience intimacy | 91 | |
| 2025226973 | generativity vs stagnation | emphasis is on guiding and assisting the next generation | 92 | |
| 2025228653 | ego integrity vs despair | review life choices | 93 | |
| 2025239381 | Braumrind's parenting styles | authoritative & permissive | 94 | |
| 2025242975 | authoritative parenting | communicative, supportive, respectful parents; more effective than other types of parenting | 95 | |
| 2025243839 | permissive parenting | associated with children have little self-control (example: later have drinking problems, promiscuous sex and delinquent behavior) | 96 | |
| 2025287432 | sex | determined by biological characteristics | 97 | |
| 2025287683 | gender | influenced by culture | 98 | |
| 2025293882 | Kohlberg's levels of moral development | pre-conventional; conventional; post-conventional | 99 | |
| 2025296521 | pre-conventional | moral decisions are based on need for rewards and fear of punishment | 100 | |
| 2025306611 | post-conventional | moral decisions are based on individual's own moral principles | 101 | |
| 2025296973 | conventional | moral decisions are based on obeying authority and following laws and rules | 102 | |
| 2025322383 | unconscious | forces here are the primary motive for our behavior | 103 | |
| 2025346860 | ego | part of the personality that mediates between other 2 parts and outside world | 104 | |
| 2025346638 | id | completely unconscious part of the personality that seeks immediate gratification and works on the pleasure principle | 105 | |
| 2025356606 | defense mechanisms | ego's mechanisms for decreasing anxiety and tension by distorting reality | 106 | |
| 2025357720 | repression | "forgetting" traumatic incidents | 107 | |
| 2025347442 | superego | part of the personality that serves are our conscience and motivates us to do the right thing | 108 | |
| 2025371809 | oral | fixation leads to oral habits | 109 | |
| 2025372038 | anal | fixation leads to perfectionism and control issues | 110 | |
| 2025373807 | phallic | stage where the oedipal/electra complexes arise and should be resolved by identifying with the same sex parent | 111 | |
| 2025374601 | latency | libido hibernates | 112 | |
| 2025375190 | genital | mature functioning | 113 | |
| 2025383478 | fixation | being stuck in a stage because you did not successfully resolve the conflicts in that stage | 114 | |
| 2025387432 | big 5 personality traits | (OCEAN) openness to experience; conscientiousness; extraversion; agreeableness; neuroticism | 115 | |
| 2025396661 | openness to experience | open minded | 116 | |
| 2025397506 | conscientiousness | dependable | 117 | |
| 2025398169 | extraversion | outgoing | 118 | |
| 2025398862 | agreeableness | cooperative | 119 | |
| 2025400091 | neuroticism | emotionally unstable | 120 | |
| 2025404868 | behaviorists | use learning theory to explain human behavior; rewards and punishments determines our behavior | 121 | |
| 2025405827 | human perspective | believe people are inherently good and continued to grow and develop through life through self-actualization (tendency to strive to reach our full potential) | 122 | |
| 2025883002 | Roger's unconditional positive regard | caring about a person regardless of what they do, say, or think | 123 | |
| 2025408709 | Maslow's hierarchy of needs | physical needs must be met before social and self-actualization needs | 124 | |
| 2025884234 | behavior genetics | research often involves studying identical twins | 125 | |
| 2025896191 | personality inventory | best know example, MMPI-2, is an objective, T/F, self report; meant for diagnosing psychological problems | 126 | |
| 2025904050 | Bandura's reciprocal determinism | people's behavior affects their environment, just as the environment affects people's behavior | 127 | |
| 2025897271 | projective tests | designed to reveal unconscious conflicts; example: Rorschach Inkblot Test | 128 | |
| 2025910181 | DSM 5 | manual that lists all mental disorders and their symptoms | 129 | |
| 2025910925 | panic disorder | sudden onset of fear, panic, apprehension, terror and impending doom; accompanied by physical symptoms such as sweating and trembling; no apparent trigger; often misinterpreted as having a heart attack | 130 | |
| 2025911254 | phobia | an intense fear of an object or event that is out of proportion to any real danger the object or event may cause | 131 | |
| 2025918211 | obsessive compulsive disorder | anxiety disorder; person has obsessions (recurring thoughts; example: germs) and compulsions (recurring behavior; example: cleaning house or washing hands) that easy the obsessions temporarily | 132 | |
| 2025919829 | dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder) | not the same as schizophrenia; person has two or more distinct personalities | 133 | |
| 2025920846 | schizophrenia | severe mental disorder of the emotions, thought, speech and behavior, characterized by loss of contact with reality, hallucinations (false perceptions) and delusions (false beliefs) | 134 | |
| 2025927754 | major depressive disorder | mood disorder characterized by loss of energy, loss of interest, inability to experience pleasure, suicidal thoughts, hopelessness and helplessness | 135 | |
| 2025928530 | bipolar disorder | mood disorder characterized by swings from depression, sadness and hopelessness, to mania and euphoria | 136 | |
| 2025929451 | suicidal behavior | often give subtle hints, feel hopeless, have a serious mental or physical illness | 137 | |
| 2025935148 | antisocial personality disorder | person who lies, cheats, steals and harms others without regret | 138 | |
| 2025966174 | cognitive therapy | therapist helps client change his/her negative thoughts; therapist tries to modify client's maladaptive thoughts | 139 | |
| 2025966882 | behavior therapy | therapist tries to modify client's maladaptive behaviors | 140 | |
| 2025969915 | antipsychotic medication | medications that block dopamine receptor sites to lower levels of dopamine in persons with schizophrenia | 141 | |
| 2025945708 | psychoanalysis | patient tells therapist his/her dreams and discusses his/her childhood | 142 | |
| 2019041811 | reinforcement | any consequence that tends to increase a response; best way to teach a new response; decreases the probability that a response will be repeated | 143 |
