Terms : Hide Images
| 1624265400 | Illusory Correlation | Focusing on 2 events that stand out and occur together | 0 | |
| 1624265401 | Skepticism | Ideas must be evaluated on basis of careful logic & results from scientific investigations | 1 | |
| 1624265402 | Empiricism | Idea that knowledge is based on observations | 2 | |
| 1624265403 | Falsifiability | Able to be falsified by data | 3 | |
| 1624265404 | Peer Review | Process of other expert scientists carefully evaluating research of a study in order to recumbent whether it should be published | 4 | |
| 1624265405 | Pseudoscience | "Fake" science in which seemingly scientific terms & demonstrations are used to substantiate claims that have no basis in scientific research | 5 | |
| 1624265406 | Facilitated Communication | Procedure used by therapists working with autistic children | 6 | |
| 1624265407 | Temporal Precedence | Temporal order of events in which the cause precedes the effect | 7 | |
| 1624265408 | Covariation of Cause & Effect | When cause is present, effect occurs and when cause is absent, effect is absent | 8 | |
| 1624265409 | Basic Research | Tries to answer fundamental questions about nature of behavior | 9 | |
| 1624265410 | Applied Research | Conducted to address issues in which there are practical problems & potential solutions | 10 | |
| 1624265411 | Program Evaluation | Assesses the social reforms & innovations that occur in government, education, the criminal justice system, industry, health care, and mental health instructions | 11 | |
| 1624265412 | Exposure Therapy | People who suffer from phobia are exposed to object of fears in safe setting while therapist trains them in relaxation techniques | 12 | |
| 1624265413 | Hypothesis | Tentative idea or question that is waiting for evidence to support or refute it | 13 | |
| 1624265414 | Respondents | Individuals who take part in survey research | 14 | |
| 1624265415 | Informants | People who help researchers understand dynamics of particular cultural & organizational settings | 15 | |
| 1624265416 | Classical Conditioning | Neutral stimulus if paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus that produces a reflex response will eventually produce the response when presented alone | 16 | |
| 1624265417 | Theory | Systematic body of ideas about particular topic | 17 | |
| 1624265418 | Literature Reviews | Articles that summarize the research in a particular area | 18 | |
| 1624265419 | Abstract | Summary of research report that typically runs less than 120 words that includes info about hypothesis, procedure, and broad pattern of results | 19 | |
| 1624265420 | Introduction | Explains problem under investigation and specific hypothesis being tested through past research and relative theories | 20 | |
| 1624265421 | Method | Detailedly describes exact procedures used for study in several subsections | 21 | |
| 1624265422 | Results | Where findings are presented in 3 ways | 22 | |
| 1624265423 | Discussion | Where researcher may speculate broader implications of results, propose alternative explanations, discuss reasons of unsupported hypothesis, or make suggestions for further research | 23 | |
| 1624265424 | Confederate | Accomplice | 24 | |
| 1624265425 | The Belmont Report | Origins for ethical guidelines in both behavioral & medical researchers | 25 | |
| 1624265426 | Beneficence | Need for research to maximize benefits & minimize possible harmful effects of participation | 26 | |
| 1624265427 | Risk-Benefit Analysis | Calculating potential risks & benefits likely result | 27 | |
| 1624265428 | Risks | Factors such as psychological or physical harm & loss of confidentiality | 28 | |
| 1624265429 | Confidentiality | Important when studying topics such as sexual behavior, divorce, family, violence, or drug abuse | 29 | |
| 1624265430 | Autonomy | Respect for persons | 30 | |
| 1624265431 | Informed Consent | States participants are treated as autonomous and are capable of making deliberate decisions about whether or not to participate | 31 | |
| 1624265432 | Assent | Agreement by minor | 32 | |
| 1624265433 | Deception | Active misrepresentation of info | 33 | |
| 1624265434 | Debriefing | Opportunity for researcher to deal with issues of withholding info, deception, and potential harmful effects of participants after study completion | 34 | |
| 1624265435 | Role Playing | Experimenter describes situation to participants and asks them how they would respond to situation | 35 | |
| 1624265436 | Simulation | Used to examine conflict between competing individuals, driving behavior using driving simulators, or jury deliberations | 36 | |
| 1624265437 | Honest Experiments | Where behavior could be studied without elaborate deception | 37 | |
| 1624265438 | Justice | Addresses issues of fairness in receiving benefits of research and bearing burdens of accepting risks & requires researchers to address issues of equity | 38 | |
| 1624265439 | Institutional Review Board | Responsible for review of research conducted w/ in institution composed of at least 5 individuals, 1 outside the institution | 39 | |
| 1624265440 | Exempt Research | Research without risk | 40 | |
| 1624265441 | Minimal Risk | Risks of harm to participants are no greater than risks encountered in daily life or in routine physical or psychological tests | 41 | |
| 1624265442 | IACUC | Charged w/ reviewing animal research procedures & ensuring all regulations are adhered to | 42 | |
| 1624265443 | Fraud | Fabrication of data | 43 | |
| 1624265444 | Plagiarism | Misrepresenting another's work as your own | 44 | |
| 1624265445 | Variable | Any event, situation, behavior, or individual characteristic that varies | 45 | |
| 1624265446 | Operational Definition | Set of procedures used to measure or manipulate it | 46 | |
| 1624265447 | Construct Validity | Adequacy of operational definition of variables | 47 | |
| 1624265448 | Correlation Coefficient | Numerical index of strength of relationship between variables | 48 | |
| 1624265449 | Uncertainty | Implies there is randomness in events known as random variability in events | 49 | |
| 1624265450 | Non-experimental | Relationships studied by making observations it measures of variables of interest | 50 | |
| 1624265451 | Experimental Method | Direct manipulation and control of variables | 51 | |
| 1624265452 | Correlational Method | Examine whether variables correlate or vary together | 52 | |
| 1624265453 | 3rd-variable Problem | May be a relationship between 2 variables because some other variables affects both | 53 | |
| 1624265454 | Confounding Variable | Intertwined so you can't determine which variable is operating in given situation | 54 | |
| 1624265455 | Experimental Control | All extraneous variables kept constant | 55 | |
| 1624265456 | Randomization | Ensures that extraneous variable is just as likely to affect 1 experimental group as the other | 56 | |
| 1624265457 | Independent Variable | Considered to be cause | 57 | |
| 1624265458 | Dependent Variable | The effect | 58 | |
| 1624265459 | Internal Validity | Ability to draw conclusions about causal relationships from results of study | 59 | |
| 1624265460 | External Validity | Concerns extent to which results can be generalized to other populations & settings | 60 | |
| 1624265461 | Field Experiment | Independent variable manipulated in natural setting | 61 | |
| 1624265462 | Ex post facto | After the fact | 62 | |
| 1624265463 | Participant Variables (Subject Variables/Personal Attributes) | Characteristics of individuals | 63 | |
| 1624265464 | Reliability | Consistency or stability of measured behavior | 64 | |
| 1624265465 | True Score | Real score on variable | 65 | |
| 1624265466 | Measurement Score | Contained by unreliable measure so that it doesn't provide an accurate indication | 66 | |
| 1624265467 | Items | Questions | 67 | |
| 1624265468 | Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) | Gives information about strength of correlation | 68 | |
| 1624265469 | Reliability Coefficient | Correlation | 69 | |
| 1624265470 | Test Retest Reliability | Assessed by measuring same individuals @ 2 points in time | 70 | |
| 1624265471 | Internal Consistency Reliability | Assessment of reliability using responses @ only 1 point in time | 71 | |
| 1624265472 | Split Half Reliability (Spearman Brown Split Half Reliability Coefficient) | Correlation of total score on half of test with total score on other half | 72 | |
| 1624265473 | Cronbach's Alpha | Provides average of all possible split half reliability coefficients | 73 | |
| 1624265474 | Item Total Correlations | Provide info about each individual item | 74 | |
| 1624265475 | Interrater Reliability | Extent to which raters agree in observations | 75 | |
| 1624265476 | Cohen's Kappa | Commonly used indicator of interrupter reliability | 76 | |
| 1624265477 | Face Validity | Evidence for validity is that measure appears "on face of it" to measure what it's supposed to measure | 77 | |
| 1624265478 | Content Validity | Based on comparing content of measure with universe content that defines construct | 78 | |
| 1624265479 | Criterion | Behavior | 79 | |
| 1624265480 | Predictive Validity | Research that uses measure to predict some future behavior | 80 | |
| 1624265481 | Concurrent Validity | Examines relationship between measure & criterion behavior concurrently | 81 | |
| 1624265482 | Convergent Validity | Extent to which scores on measure in question are related to scores on other measures of the same or similar constructs | 82 | |
| 1624265483 | Discriminant Validity | Irrelevant measures to construct | 83 | |
| 1624265484 | Reactivity | Amount awareness of being measured changes individual's behavior | 84 | |
| 1624265485 | Ordinal Scales | Rank order levels of variable being studied | 85 | |
| 1624265486 | Interval Scale | Difference between numbers on scale | 86 | |
| 1624265487 | Ratio Scales | Have an absolute 0 to indicate absence of variable being measured | 87 | |
| 1624265488 | Single-Case Experimental (Single-Subject) Design | Determine whether experimental manipulation had effect in single research participant | 88 | |
| 1624265489 | Reversal Design | Demonstrates reversibility of manipulation | 89 | |
| 1624265490 | Withdrawal Design | Treatment removed | 90 | |
| 1624265491 | Multiple Baseline Design | Effectiveness of treatment demonstrated when behavior changes only after manipulation | 91 | |
| 1624265492 | Across Subjects | Behavior of several subjects measured over time | 92 | |
| 1624265493 | Across Behaviors | Several different behaviors of single subject measured over time | 93 | |
| 1624265494 | Across Situations | Same behavior measures in different settings | 94 | |
| 1624265495 | Program Evaluation | Research on programs that are implemented to achieve positive effect on group of individuals | 95 | |
| 1624265496 | Needs Assessment | Ask whether there are problems that need to be addressed in target population | 96 | |
| 1624265497 | Program Theory Assessment | Program assigned to address problems | 97 | |
| 1624265498 | Process Evaluation/Program Monitoring | Determine whether program is reaching target population, attracting enough clients, and staff is providing planned services | 98 | |
| 1624265499 | Outcome Evaluation/Impact Assessment | Measuring outcome and studying impact of of program on outcome measure | 99 | |
| 1624265500 | Efficiency Assessment | Determine whether program is worth resources it consumes | 100 | |
| 1624265501 | Quasi-Experimental Design | Addresses need to study effect of independent variable in settings which control features of true experimental can't be achieved | 101 | |
| 1624265502 | One-Group Posttest-Only Design/One-Shot Case Study | Lacks crucial element of true experiment: Control/Comparison group | 102 | |
| 1624265503 | One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design | Measure participants before manipulation & again afterward | 103 | |
| 1624265504 | History | Any event that occurs between 1st & 2nd measurements but is not part of manipulation | 104 | |
| 1624265505 | History Effects | Caused by virtually any confounding event that occurs at the same time as experimental manipulation | 105 | |
| 1624265506 | Maturation Effects | Any changes that occur systematically over time | 106 | |
| 1624265507 | Testing Effects | Simply taking pretest changes participant's behavior | 107 | |
| 1624265508 | Instrument Decay | Basic characteristics of measuring instruments change over time | 108 | |
| 1624265509 | Regression Toward the Mean/Statistical Regression | Participants selected because they score extremely high or low on some variable | 109 | |
| 1624265510 | Nonequivalent Control Group Design | Employs separate control group, but participants in 2 conditions (experimental & control) are not equivalent | 110 | |
| 1624265511 | Selection Differences/Selection Bias | Differences in nonequivalent control group design become confounding variables | 111 | |
| 1624265512 | Nonequivalent Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design | Nonequivalent control group design with pretest | 112 | |
| 1624265513 | Propensity Score Matching | Individuals in treatment & control groups matched on propensity scores | 113 | |
| 1624265514 | Interrupted Time Series Design | Examine rates over extended period of time (before & after reform was instituted) | 114 | |
| 1624265515 | Control Series Design | Way to improve interrupted time series design by finding some sort of control group | 115 | |
| 1624265516 | Cross-Sectional Method | Persons of different ages studied at only one point in time | 116 | |
| 1624265517 | Longitudinal Method | Same group of people observed at different points in time as they grow older | 117 | |
| 1624265518 | Cohort | Group of people born at about same time, exposed to same events in society, and influenced by same demographic trends | 118 | |
| 1624265519 | Cohort Effects | Difference among groups of different ages may reflect developmental age changes | 119 | |
| 1624265520 | Sequential Method | Combo of cross-sectional followed by longitudinal methods | 120 | |
| 1624265521 | Nominal Scale | No numerical, quantitative properties | 121 | |
| 1624265522 | Ordinal Scale | Exhibit minimal quantitative distinctions | 122 | |
| 1624265523 | Interval Scale | Intervals between levels are equal in size | 123 | |
| 1624265524 | Ratio Scale | Equal intervals with absolute zero | 124 | |
| 1624265525 | Frequency Distribution | Indicates number of individuals who receive each possible score on variable | 125 | |
| 1624265526 | Pie Charts | Divide whole circle into slices that represent relative percentages for nominal scale info | 126 | |
| 1624265527 | Bar Graphs | Use separate & distinct bar for each piece of info | 127 | |
| 1624265528 | Frequency Polygons | Use line to represent distribution of frequencies of scores most useful with interval & ratio data | 128 | |
| 1624265529 | Histogram | Uses bars to display frequency distribution for quantitative variable | 129 | |
| 1624265530 | Descriptive Statistics | Allow researchers to make precise statements about data | 130 | |
| 1624265531 | Central Tendency | Tells what sample as a whole or average is like | 131 | |
| 1624265532 | Mean | Adding all scores and dividing by number of scores represented by X or M | 132 | |
| 1624265533 | Median | Score that divides group in half abbreviated as Mdn | 133 | |
| 1624265534 | Mode | Most frequent score | 134 | |
| 1624265535 | Variability | Number that characterizes amount of spread in score distribution | 135 | |
| 1624265536 | Standard Deviation (s or SD) | Average deviation of scores from mean derived from variance | 136 | |
| 1624265537 | Variance | SD squared | 137 | |
| 1624265538 | Range | Difference between highest & lowest score | 138 | |
| 1624265539 | Correlation Coefficient | Describes how strongly variables are related to one another | 139 | |
| 1624265540 | Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (Pearson r) | Both variables have interval or ratio scale properties that provides info about strength & direction of relationship | 140 | |
| 1624265541 | Scatterplot | Each pair of scores plotted as single point in diagram | 141 | |
| 1624265542 | Restriction of Range | Individuals in sample are very similar on variable being studied | 142 | |
| 1624265543 | Effect Size | Strength of association between variables | 143 | |
| 1624265544 | Regression Equations | Calculations used to predict person's score on one variable when person's score on another variable is already known | 144 | |
| 1624265545 | Criterion Variable | Some future behavior | 145 | |
| 1624265546 | Predictor Variable | Score on another variable | 146 | |
| 1624265547 | Multiple Correlation (R) | Combine number of predictor variables to increase accuracy of prediction | 147 | |
| 1624265548 | Partial Correlation | Provides way of statistically controlling 3rd variables | 148 | |
| 1624265549 | Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) | General term to refer to techniques that examine models | 149 | |
| 1624265550 | Inferential Statistics | Determine whether results match what would happen if experiment were conducted repeatedly | 150 | |
| 1624265551 | Null Hypothesis | Populations means are equal | 151 | |
| 1624265552 | Research Hypothesis | Populations means are not equal | 152 | |
| 1624265553 | Statistical Significance | Very low probability of occurring if population means are equal | 153 | |
| 1624265554 | Probability | Likelihood of occurrence of some event or outcome | 154 | |
| 1624265555 | Alpha Level | Probability required for significance | 155 | |
| 1624265556 | Sampling Distributions | Based on assumption that bull hypothesis is true | 156 | |
| 1624265557 | t Test | Commonly used to examine whether two groups are significantly different from each other | 157 | |
| 1624265558 | F test | More general statistical test used to ask whether there is difference among 3+ groups to evaluate results of factorial designs | 158 | |
| 1624265559 | Degrees of Freedom (df) | Number of scores free to vary once means are known. n+n-2 | 159 | |
| 1624265560 | One-Tailed Test | Specified direction of difference | 160 | |
| 1624265561 | Two-Tailed Test | No specified direction for prediction | 161 | |
| 1624265562 | Systematic Variance | Deviation of group means from grand mean. Mean score of all individuals in all groups | 162 | |
| 1624265563 | Error Variance | Deviation of individual scores in each group from retrospective group means | 163 | |
| 1624265564 | Cohen's d | Expresses effect size in terms if standard deviation units | 164 | |
| 1624265565 | Confidence Intervals | How likely intervals will occur | 165 | |
| 1624265566 | Type I Error | Reject null hypothesis even though it's true | 166 | |
| 1624265567 | Type II Error | Null hypothesis accepted even though research hypothesis in population is true | 167 | |
| 1624265568 | Power | Probability of correctly rejecting null hypothesis | 168 | |
| 1624265569 | Naturalistic Observation | Observations of individuals in natural environment | 169 | |
| 1624265570 | Participant Observation | Allows researcher to observe setting from inside | 170 | |
| 1624265571 | Systematic Observation | Careful observation of 1+ specific behaviors in particular setting | 171 | |
| 1624265572 | Coding System | Measure behaviors | 172 | |
| 1624265573 | Reactivity | Possibility that presence of observer will affect people's behaviors | 173 | |
| 1624265574 | Case Study | Observational method that provides description of individual | 174 | |
| 1624265575 | Psychobiography | Researcher applies psychological theory to explain life of individual | 175 | |
| 1624265576 | Archival Research | Using previously compiled info to answer research questions | 176 | |
| 1624265577 | Content Analysis | Systematic analysis of existing documents | 177 | |
| 1624265578 | Survey Research | Employs questionnaires & interviews to provide info about self | 178 | |
| 1624265579 | Response Set | Tendency to respond to all questions from particular perspective rather than directly related to questions | 179 | |
| 1624265580 | Yea/Nay-Saying | Respondent may employ response set to agree/disagree with all question when asking several questions about a topic | 180 | |
| 1624265581 | Closed-Ended Questions | Limited number of response alternatives given | 181 | |
| 1624265582 | Open-Ended Questions | Respondents free to answer in any way they like | 182 | |
| 1624265583 | Rating Scales | Ask people to provide "how much" judgements on any number of dimensions | 183 | |
| 1624265584 | Graphic Rating Scale | Requires mark along continuous 100-mm line anchored w/ descriptions @ each end | 184 | |
| 1624265585 | Semantic Differential Scale | Measure of meaning of concepts | 185 | |
| 1624265586 | Computerized Experience-Sampling | Asked to provide immediate report of current activities & emotions | 186 | |
| 1624265587 | Interviewer Bias | All biases that can arise from fact that interviewer is unique human interacting w/ another human | 187 | |
| 1624265588 | Face-to-Face Interviews | Require interviewer & respondent to meet | 188 | |
| 1624265589 | Telephone Interviews | Allow data to be collected relatively quickly | 189 | |
| 1624265590 | Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) | Interviewer's questions prompted on computer screen & data are entered directly into computer for analysis | 190 | |
| 1624265591 | Focus Group | Interview with group of 6-10 brought together for 2-3 hours | 191 | |
| 1624265592 | Panel Study | Same people surveyed 2+ points in time | 192 | |
| 1624265593 | Populations | All individuals of interest to researcher | 193 | |
| 1624265594 | Probability Sampling | Each member of population has specifiable probability of being chosen | 194 | |
| 1624265595 | Non-Probability Sampling | Don't know probability of any particular member of population being chosen | 195 | |
| 1624265596 | Simple Random Sampling | Every member of population has equal probability of being selected for sample | 196 | |
| 1624265597 | Stratified Random Sampling | Population divided into subgroups before randomly selecting respondents | 197 | |
| 1624265598 | Cluster Sampling | Identify "clusters" of individuals and then sample from these clusters | 198 | |
| 1624265599 | Haphazard (Convenience) Sampling | Select sample of respondents in any convenient way | 199 | |
| 1624265600 | Purposive Sampling | Obtain sample of people who meet some predetermined criterion | 200 | |
| 1624265601 | Quota Sampling | Sample that reflects numerical composition of various subgroups in population | 201 | |
| 1624265602 | Sampling Frame | Actual population of individuals from which random sample will be drawn | 202 | |
| 1624265603 | Response Rate | Percentage of people in sample who actually complete survey | 203 | |
| 1624265604 | Posttest-Only Design | Must obtains 2 equivalent groups, introduce independent variable, and measure its effect on dependent variable | 204 | |
| 1624265605 | Selection Differences | Each participant assigned to condition randomly | 205 | |
| 1624265606 | Pretest-Posttest Design | Pretest given before Posttest experiment | 206 | |
| 1624265607 | Attrition/Morality | Drop out factor | 207 | |
| 1624265608 | Solomon 4-Group Design | Combo of Pre/Post-test | 208 | |
| 1624265609 | Independent Groups Design/Between-Subjects Design | Participants randomly assigned to various conditions so that each only participates in 1 group | 209 | |
| 1624265610 | Repeated Measures Design/Within-Subjects Design | Participants experience all conditions | 210 | |
| 1624265611 | Random Assignment | How each participant is assigned to each condition | 211 | |
| 1624265612 | Order Effect | Order of presenting treatments affects dependent variable | 212 | |
| 1624265613 | Practice/Learning Effect | Improvement due to order effect | 213 | |
| 1624265614 | Fatigue Effect | Deterioration in performance due to order effect | 214 | |
| 1624265615 | Carryover Effect | Effect of 1st treatment influences 2nd treatment | 215 | |
| 1624265616 | Counterbalancing | All possible orders of presentation included in experiment | 216 | |
| 1624265617 | Latin Square | Limited set of orders constructed to ensure each condition appears at each original position and each condition precedes and follows each condition once | 217 | |
| 1624265618 | Matched Pairs Design | Match people in participant variable | 218 | |
| 1624265619 | Setting the Stage | Variables introduced within context of total experimental setting | 219 | |
| 1624265620 | Straightforward Manipulations | Manipulate variables w/ instructions & stimulus presentations | 220 | |
| 1624265621 | Staged/Event Manipulation | Staging events in order to manipulate independent variable | 221 | |
| 1624265622 | Self-Reports | Measures human thought & behavior | 222 | |
| 1624265623 | Behavioral Measures | Direct observations of behaviors | 223 | |
| 1624265624 | Physiological Measures | Recordings of responses of body | 224 | |
| 1624265625 | Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) | Measure general emotional arousal & anxiety through electrical conductance of skin | 225 | |
| 1624265626 | Electromyogram (EMG) | Measures tension or stress through muscle tension | 226 | |
| 1624265627 | Electroencephalogram (EEG) | Measures electrical brain activity | 227 | |
| 1624265628 | MRI | Provides image of brain structure | 228 | |
| 1624265629 | Functional MRI (fMRI) | Allows researchers to scan areas of brain while participant performs various tasks | 229 | |
| 1624265630 | Ceiling Effect | Independent variables appears to have no effect because participants reach maximum performance level | 230 | |
| 1624265631 | Floor Effect | Task so difficult that hardly anyone can perform well | 231 | |
| 1624265632 | Sensitivity | Degree of difficulty of independent variable that may affect correlations | 232 | |
| 1624265633 | Demand Characteristics | Any feature of an experiment that might inform participants of study's purpose | 233 | |
| 1624265634 | Placebo Effect | Receiving effects expected from independent variable | 234 | |
| 1624265635 | Placebo Group | Receive drug containing inert & harmless substance | 235 | |
| 1624265636 | Experimenter Bias/Expectancy Effects | Expectations become bias due to experimenters being aware of study's purpose | 236 | |
| 1624265637 | Single-Blind Experiment | Participant is unaware whether drug is placebo | 237 | |
| 1624265638 | Double-Blind Experiment | Neither participant nor experimenter know whether drug is placebo | 238 | |
| 1624265639 | Pilot Study | Trial run with small amount of participants | 239 | |
| 1624265640 | Manipulation Check | Attempt to directly measure whether independent variable manipulations has intended effect on participants | 240 |
