Terms : Hide Images
| 139759846 | concepts | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or peoples | |
| 139759847 | prototypes | a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to this provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category | |
| 139759848 | algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier- but also more error-prone -use of heuristics | |
| 139759849 | heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms | |
| 139759850 | insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions | |
| 139759851 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions | |
| 139759852 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past | |
| 139759853 | fixation | according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved | |
| 139759854 | functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving | |
| 139759855 | representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information | |
| 139759856 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events as common | |
| 139759857 | overconfideience | the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements | |
| 139759858 | framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements | |
| 139759859 | belief bias | the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid | |
| 139759860 | belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited | |
| 139759861 | Alfred Binet | 1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests, designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French) | |
| 139759862 | mental age | a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. | |
| 139759863 | Louis Terman | revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children. | |
| 139759864 | Stanford-intelligence tests | constructed by Lewis Terman, originally used ratio IQ (MA/CA x 100); now based on deviation from mean | |
| 139759865 | Binet IQ test | Visual coordination, verbal knowledge, knowledge of objects in pictures, perceptual discrimination, definitions, visual memory, sentence completion, comprehension | |
| 139759866 | intelligence quotient | defined originally as the ratio of metal age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ=ma/ca x100). | |
| 139759867 | intelligence | mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations | |
| 139759868 | reification | giving an abstract concept a name and then treating it as though it were a concret, tangible object | |
| 139759869 | factor analysis | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score | |
| 139759870 | general intelligence (g) | a factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test | |
| 139759871 | Charles Spearman | intelligence; found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability) | |
| 139759872 | Howard Gardner | 1943-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the theory of multiple intelligences (logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic) | |
| 139759873 | multiple intelligence | Gardner - We do not just have a general intelligence but many factors as to why we are intelligent; may be good at one thing but not another | |
| 139759874 | savant syndrome | a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing | |
| 139759875 | Robert Sternberg | 1949-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative) | |
| 139759876 | triarchic theory | theory proposed by Robert Sternberg that states that intelligence consists of three parts including analytic, creative, and pratical | |
| 139759877 | emotional intelligence | the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions | |
| 139759878 | aptitude test | a test design to predict a person's future performance | |
| 139759879 | achievement test | a test designed to test what a person has learned | |
| 139759880 | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | this is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests | |
| 139759881 | Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) | An IQ test designed for school-age ochildren. The test assesses potential in many areas, including vocabulary, general knowledge, memory, and spatial comprehension, | |
| 139759882 | standardization | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pre-tested standardization group | |
| 139759883 | normal curve | the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes | |
| 139759884 | Flynn effect | the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years | |
| 139759885 | reliability | the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves on the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting | |
| 139759886 | validity | the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to be | |
| 139759887 | content validity | the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to be | |
| 139759888 | criterion | the behavior (such as future college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict; thus, the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity | |
| 139759889 | predictive validity | the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and criterion behavior (also called criterion-related validity) | |
| 139759890 | mental retardation | a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound | |
| 139759891 | stereotype threat | a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype | |
| 139759892 | Down syndrome | a condition of mental retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup |
