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psychology applied to teaching test 2 Flashcards

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5005501068learning theorylearning is a change brought upon by experience0
5005506978behavioral learning theoryfocuses on the objectively, observable, external aspects of learning1
5005508977classicalpavlov, involuntary response to a stimulus, learning through environmental association,2
5005508978operantskinner, voluntary response to a stimulus, learning through positive and negative environmental reinforcement, where we spend most of our time, homework3
5005511365generalizationresponding in similar ways to similar stimuli4
5005513581discriminationresponding in different ways to similar stimuli5
5005513582extinctionweaken a target behavior by ignoring it (mother ignoring whining child)6
5005518978premack principle'Grandma's Rule"- finish your peas and then you can have dessert! the opportunity to participate in a favorite activity after completing a less desirable one7
5005518979shapingcomplex behaviors are shaped by reinforcing closer approximations to terminate behavior8
5005522908ABC's of Operant Conditioningantecedents (cue behavior), behavior, consequents (punishers of reinforcers)9
5005522910Time Outweaken a target behavior by temporarily removing a positive reinforcer after the behavior occurs10
5005526083positive reinforcementstrengthen a target behavior by presenting a positive reinforcer after the behaviors occur (praise, recognition)11
5005536571negative reinforcementstrengthen a target behavior by removing on aversive stimulus after the behavior occurs (removes unwanted stimulus)12
5005538651social-cognitive theory13
5005542038two types of social-cognitive theoryvicarious, imitative14
5005544080vicariouswe see others rewarded or punished for various actions and we change our behavior as if we had received the consequences15
5005544081imitativewe imitate the behavior of a model even though the model receives no reinforcement while we are observing16
50055471824 step process of social learningattention, retention, production, reinforcement17
5005550977attentionmodeled events and observed characteristics18
5005553908retentionremember it19
5005553909productionpractice it20
5005553910reinforcementmotivation21
5005556016self-controlability to control one's actions in the absence of external reinforcement or punishment22
5005556017self-regulationinvolves the consistent and appropriate application of self-control skills to new situations23
5005558729self-efficacythe belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the sources of action required to manage prospective situations24
5005563748cognitive theories25
5005565348discovery learningbruner, true learning is using what you already know to go beyond what you already think, learning is active process, refined in the 1960's26
5005568635social constructivistvygotsky27
5005571162meaningful reception learningAusubel, people acquire knowledge primarily through reception rather than discovery, the most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows28
50055803494 techniques of discovery learningemphasizing contrasts, developing relationships/connections, encouraging participation, arousing emotions29
5005611455emphasize contrastsdetermining something by what it is and what it is not30
5005613266developing relationships/connectionsseeing the relationships between concepts31
5005613267encouraging participationparticipating in actual experiences, role plays or simulations to understand more fully32
5005616650arousing emotionsinvolving students actively in debates and experiences that have an emotional relevance33
5005620278constructivistvygotsky, complex mental processes begin as social activities, systematic, open-ended debates are instrumental in helping individuals create personal views34
5005643542zone of proximal developmentdifference between what a student can do on his own and what can be accomplished with some assistance, optimal level for learning35
5005653384scaffoldingadult or other individual provides some form of guidance or structure that enables students to perform at their proximal zone of development36
5005786846brunerall children have natural curiosity37
5005856943constuctivist arehands on minds on38
5005860648contructivist ismeaningful learning is the active creation of knowledge structures from personal experience39
5005874939cognitive constructivismabout how the individual learner understands things, in terms of developmental stages and learning styles (burner)40
5005918123social constructivismemphasizes how meanings and understandings grow out of social encounters (modeling/Bandura) (ZPD/Vygotsy)41
5005946199problem solvingan ongoing activity in which we take what we know to discover what we don't know42
5005957430cognitive learningemphasizes how people perceive, understand and remember information by seeing relationships43
5006237739bandura44

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