Terms : Hide Images
| 122237386 | Learning | A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience | 0 | |
| 122237387 | Associative Learning | Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) | 1 | |
| 122237388 | Classical Conditioning | A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. | 2 | |
| 122237389 | Behaviorism | A view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. | 3 | |
| 122237390 | Unconditioned Response | In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus. | 4 | |
| 122237391 | Unconditioned Stimulus | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response. | 5 | |
| 122237392 | Conditioned Response | In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus. | 6 | |
| 122237393 | Conditioned Stimulus | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. | 7 | |
| 122237394 | Acquisition | The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. | 8 | |
| 122237395 | Extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. | 9 | |
| 122237396 | Spontaneous Recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. | 10 | |
| 122237397 | Generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. | 11 | |
| 122237398 | Discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. | 12 | |
| 122237399 | Operant Conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. | 13 | |
| 122237400 | Respondent Behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning. | 14 | |
| 122237401 | Operant Behavior | Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. | 15 | |
| 122237402 | Law of Effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. | 16 | |
| 122237403 | Operant Chamber | a chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking; used in operant conditioning research. | 17 | |
| 122237404 | Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximation of the desired behavior. | 18 | |
| 122237405 | Reinforcer | In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. | 19 | |
| 122237406 | Positive Reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. | 20 | |
| 122237407 | Negative Reinforcement | increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs. | 21 | |
| 122237408 | Primary Reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. | 22 | |
| 122237409 | Conditioned Reinforcer | A stimulus that gains its enforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer. | 23 | |
| 122237410 | Continuous Reinforcement | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. | 24 | |
| 122237411 | Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement | Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. | 25 | |
| 122237412 | Fixed-Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. | 26 | |
| 122237413 | Variable-Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. | 27 | |
| 122237414 | Fixed-Interval Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces after a specified time has elapsed. | 28 | |
| 122237415 | Variable-Interval Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. | 29 | |
| 122237416 | Punishment | An event that decreases the behavior that it follows. | 30 | |
| 122237417 | Cognitive Map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned its layout. | 31 | |
| 122237418 | Latent Learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it | 32 | |
| 122237419 | Intrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake | 33 | |
| 122237420 | Extrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. | 34 | |
| 122532617 | Observational Learning | Learning by observing others. | 35 | |
| 122532618 | Modeling | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. | 36 | |
| 122532619 | Mirror Neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. | 37 | |
| 122532620 | Prosocial Behavior | Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. | 38 |
