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| 1071407217 | Anterograde amnesia | A loss of memory for any event that occurs after a brain injury | 0 | |
| 1071407218 | Attention | Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events. | 1 | |
| 1071407219 | Chunk | Grouping individual bits of data into meaningful larger units | 2 | |
| 1071407220 | Clustering | A technique to enhance memory by organizing items into conceptually-related categories | 3 | |
| 1071407221 | Conceptual hierarchy | a multilevel classification system based on common properties among items | 4 | |
| 1071407222 | Connectionist models | assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks; assert that specific memories correspond to particular patterns of activation in these networks | 5 | |
| 1071407223 | Consolidation | A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory. | 6 | |
| 1071407224 | Decay theory | proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time | 7 | |
| 1071407225 | Declarative memory system | handles factual information includes episodic memory and semantic memory controlled by the hippocampus | 8 | |
| 1071407226 | Dual-coding theory | Paivio's theory that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall. | 9 | |
| 1071407227 | Elaboration | Connecting new material to information or ideas already in the learner's mind. | 10 | |
| 1071407228 | Encoding | First stage of the memory process; in it information is transformed or coded (a transduction process) into a form that can be processed further and stored | 11 | |
| 1071407229 | Encoding specificity principle | Principle stating that recall is better if the retrieval context is like the encoding context. | 12 | |
| 1071407230 | Episodic memory system | made up of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences | 13 | |
| 1071407231 | Explicit memory | Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (declarative memory system) | 14 | |
| 1071407232 | Flashbulb memories | Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events | 15 | |
| 1071407233 | Forgetting curve | A graph plotting the amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material, such as a list of nonsense syllables. The typical forgetting curve is steep at first, becoming flatter as time goes on (Ebbinghaus) | 16 | |
| 1071407234 | Hindsight bias | The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it | 17 | |
| 1071407235 | Implicit memory | Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously two types: procedural and dispositional controlled in the cerebellum | 18 | |
| 1071407236 | Interference theory | Belief that forgetting occurs because other items get in the way of the information a person wants to remember. | 19 | |
| 1071407237 | Keyword method | A memory strategy in which the learner identifies an English word (the keyword) that sounds similar to the new word; then an image is created that links the keyword with the meaning of the new word. | 20 | |
| 1071407238 | Levels-of-processing theory | The explanation for the fact that information that is more thoroughly connected to meaningful items in long-term memory (more "deeply" processed) will be remembered better. | 21 | |
| 1071407239 | Link method | forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together | 22 | |
| 1071407240 | Long term memory (LTM) | Relatively permanent and limitless storage of memory. | 23 | |
| 1071407241 | Long term potentiation | an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory | 24 | |
| 1071407242 | Method of loci | A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations | 25 | |
| 1071407243 | Mnemonic devices | techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information | 26 | |
| 1071407244 | Nondeclarative memory system | A subsystem within Long term memory which consists of skills we acquire through repetition and practice (e.g., dance, playing the piano, driving a car) ie implicit memory system | 27 | |
| 1071407245 | Overlearning | Continued rehearsal of material after one first appears to have mastered it. | 28 | |
| 1071407246 | Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models | An approach to understanding object recognition in which various elements of the object are thought to be simultaneously analyzed by a number of widely distributed, but connected, neural units in the brain. | 29 | |
| 1071407247 | Proactive interference | The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information | 30 | |
| 1071407248 | Procedural memory system | The repository of memories for actions, skills, and operations (implicit/nondeclarative memory system) | 31 | |
| 1071407249 | Prospective memory | Remembering to do things in the future | 32 | |
| 1071407250 | Reality monitoring | The process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (our perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (our thoughts and imaginations). | 33 | |
| 1071407251 | Recall | A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. | 34 | |
| 1071407252 | Recognition | A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test | 35 | |
| 1071407253 | Rehearsal | The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage | 36 | |
| 1071407254 | Relearning | A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time | 37 | |
| 1071407255 | Repression | Defense mechanism by which anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings are forced to the unconscious. | 38 | |
| 1071407256 | Retention | Ability to recall or recognize things learned or experienced. | 39 | |
| 1071407257 | Retrieval | the cognitive operation of accessing information in memory | 40 | |
| 1071407258 | Retroactive interference | The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information | 41 | |
| 1071407259 | Retrograde amnesia | Loss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia; eg a soldier's forgetting events immediately before a shell burst nearby, injuring him. | 42 | |
| 1071407260 | Retrospective memory | Involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information | 43 | |
| 1071407261 | Schema | A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. | 44 | |
| 1071407262 | Self-referent encoding | deciding how or whether information is personally relevant | 45 | |
| 1071407263 | Semantic memory system | contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned | 46 | |
| 1071407264 | Semantic memory | A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world. | 47 | |
| 1071407265 | Semantic network | Consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts | 48 | |
| 1071407266 | Serial-position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list | 49 | |
| 1071407267 | Sensory memory | A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less. | 50 | |
| 1071407268 | Short term memory (STM) | The memory system that codes information according to sound and holds about seven (from five to nine) itesm for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal; also called working memory | 51 | |
| 1071407269 | Source monitoring | involves making attributions about the origins of memories | 52 | |
| 1071407270 | Source-monitoring error | occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source | 53 | |
| 1071407271 | Storage | Maintaining encoded information in memory over time. | 54 | |
| 1071407272 | Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | knowing something, but not being able to retrieve it or verbalize it, because it wasn't stored properly | 55 | |
| 1071407273 | Transfer-appropriate processing | the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match | 56 | |
| 1071407274 | Richard Atkinson and Richard shiffrin | developed the 3-stage processing model of memory, suggesting that we form memories through sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory | 57 | |
| 1071407275 | Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart | learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level, the deeper the easier to learn and recall | 58 | |
| 1071407276 | Hermann Ebbinghaus | 1850-1909; Field: memory; Contributions: 1st to conduct studies on forgetting: first, a rapid loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss; Studies: memory-series of meaningless syllables/words | 59 | |
| 1071407277 | Marcia Johnson | created the source-monitoring theory | 60 | |
| 1071407278 | Elizabeth loftus | "misinformation effect" shown in memory studies | 61 | |
| 1071407279 | George Miller | Former president of the American Psychological Association, proposed that we can only hold 7(+/-) 2 items in Short Term Memory @ any one time. | 62 | |
| 1071407280 | Brenda Milner | patient "HM" lesion of hippocampus, remembered things before surgery, STM intact, but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia) | 63 | |
| 1071407281 | Endel Tulving | suggested 2 kinds of long-term memory: episodic and semantic | 64 |
