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Revolutions Flashcards

Scientific Revolution and Enlightment
Political Revolutions
Reactions Against Revolutionary Ideas
Global Nationalism
Economic and Social Revolution
Japan and Meiji Restoration
Imperialism

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733446833Scientific RevolutionThe intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. Leaders of the movement: (early on Copernicus, Galileo) Newton & Rene Descartes1
733446834Nicolaus CopernicusA Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.2
733446835Heliocentric theoryThe idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun3
733446836Galileo GalileiScientist who built the first telescope and proved that planets and moons move. Persecuted for supporting Copernicus' ideas4
733446837Isaac NewtonEnglish mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.5
733446838EnlightenmentAn intellectual movement concentrated in France during the 1700's developed rational laws to describe social behavior and applied their findings in support of human rights and liberal economic theories. Leaders: John Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau & Voltaire6
733446839Natural LawsThe concept, as stated by John Locke that all people are born with certain rights such as life, liberty and property.7
733446840John LockeEnglish philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.8
733446841Baron De MontesquieuFrench aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government.9
733446842VoltaireFrench, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Supported religious toleration; Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.10
733446843checks and balancesA system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power11
733446844Jean Jacques RousseauA French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy12
733446845The Social Contractmajor work by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau states that governmental organization should be based on the general will of a society and should conform to the nature of human beings, and that the majority in a government has a right to banish resistant minorities.13
733446846scientific methodA method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses14
733446847enlightened despotsEuropean rulers who sought to apply some of the reforms of the 18th century Enlightenment to their governments without giving up their own absolutist authority. These rulers were characterized by legal, administrative, and educational improvements when it suited the state and as a means to enhance its power. Examples of these rulers include Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740-1786), Catherine the Great of Russia (r. 1762-1796), and Joseph II of Austria (r. 1780-1790).15
733446848Catherine the GreatRuled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations, continued Peter's policies of westernization16
733446849censorshipControl of what people read or write or see or hear; efforts to prohibit free expression of ideas17
733446850Maria TheresaEmpress of Austria, 1740-1780, made education available for all children, did away with forced labor for peasants of Austria, improved the tax sytem the reforms made-brought greater equality for Austrian society18
733446851Declaration of IndependenceThe document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence.19
733446852Estates GeneralFrance's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.20
733446853National AssemblyFrench Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.21
733446854Declaration of the Rights of Man and of teh CitizenAdopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a politcal source for other liberal movements22
733446855Maximilien RobespierreLeading figure of the French Revolution; he was known for his intense dedication to the Revolution. He became increasingly radical and lead the National Convention during its most bloodthirsty time23
733446856Common Sensea pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation24
733446857Seizure of the BastilleJuly 14, 1789 working class people led an uprising over the cost of bread stormed the prison instigating fighting all over the countryside (The Great Fear) peasants attacked nobles and destroyed their homes; date is viewed as independence day in France25
733446858Napoleon BonaparteOverthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Instituted policies that instilled a great of nationism, most French were Catholic so to restore stability to France, in 1801 agreed with the pope to recognize Catholicism as religion of the majority of French people, and pope wouldn't ask for the return of church lands from the revolution; Catholic church no longer enemy of French gov't, and those owning church lands were avid supporters of his regime; set out to conquer Europe, failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.26
733446859coup d'etatA sudden overthrow of the government by a small group27
733446860Napoleonic CodeThis was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy28
733446861Toussaint L'Overture1803 - Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S.29
733446862Simon BolivarThe most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.30
733446863Jose de San MartinSouth American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru31
733446864Congress of ViennaMeeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon32
733446865Prince Clemens von MetternichHe was Austria's representative at the Congress of Vienna, he feared Russia gaining too much power along with liberalism and nationalism as a threat to Austria's power with in Europe. He also wanted to renew good relations with France.33
733446866balance of powerThe policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful.34
733446867conservatisma political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes35
733446868liberalisma political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.36
733446869nationalismThe aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination. Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it37
733446870oligarchyA system of government in which a small group holds power38
733446871Cash Crop economyAn economic system based on the exportation of certain crops such as sugar, cotton, and coffee.39
733446872Francisco "Pancho" VillaA popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.40
733446873Crimean WarA war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. RUssia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed41
733446874Otto von BismarkPrussian Diplomat responsible for the unification of Germany. Cunning politician, fights Danes with Austrians and Germans. Expels Austrians from Zollverein, fights Austrian-Prussian war w/ help of Germans. Gets North Germkan Confederation, led by Prussia. Then fights French, Franco-Prussian war, gets rest of Germany and Alsace-Lorraine. Diplomat under William I of Prussia, and then Wiliam II, who makes the mistake of firing him.42
733446875Mexican Revolution(1910 - 1920) A political revolution that removed dictator Porfirio Diaz, and hoped to institute democratic reforms. While a constitution was written in 1917, it was many more years until true change occurred.43
733446876Agrarian RevolutionA change in farming methods that allowed for a greater production of food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers. The result of this revolution was a population explosion due to the higher availability of food. It was one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution.44
733446877Industrial RevolutionThe change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850. England had available resources, new technology and capital45
733446878laissez faireThe doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs46
733446879Adam SmithScottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) His ideas are found in his book The Wealth of Nations47
733446880capitalismAn economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.48
733446881supply and demandAn economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the good is available (supply)49
733446882Karl MarxGerman philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.50
733446883suffrageThe right to vote.51
733446884proletariatthe industrial working class52
733446885Meiji RestorationEnlightened Rule (18186 - 1912) A series of reforms to modernize Japan: sent best and brightest out to learn about Western methods; used Western methods to create an industrial economy... Gov't built factories and sold them to wealthy families called Zaibatsu; Gov't also built better banking system, infrastructure inc. ports, RRs and roads.. by 1890s had a strong economy; Created a strong Central Gov't based on German model - Emperor + a 2 house legislature (only one house elected); Increased military development w/ a modern navy and army - all men had to enter the military; Increased education opportunities available but still class inequality particularly for women53
733446886ZaibatsuWealthy Japanese families that controlled banking and industry54
733446887spheres of influenceAn area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere.55
733446888Taiping RebellionThe most destructive Chinese civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire.56
733446889Boxer RebellionAlso known as The Boxer Uprising, this was the popular peasant uprising in China (supported nationally), that blamed foreign people and institutions for the loss of the traditional Chinese way of life. "Boxers" were traditionally skilled fighters that attacked Westerners, beginning with Christian missionaries.57
733446890Sun YixianThe first great leader of the Kuomintang. In 1912, he overthrew the Qing Dyansty. He became president of China: 1. make it a democracy, 2. end foreign domination, 3. create a stable economic security for Chinese people (also known as Sun Yat-sen)58
733446891Old ImperialismA European policy of conquest that occurs in the 15th through 18th centuries in Africa, India, the Americas, and parts of Asia The motives were the same for most areas, the establishment of lucrative trade routes. Various European countries dominated these trades routes and one time or another, and a some countries, such as Great Britain and Spain, came to dominate entire countries.59
733446892New ImperialismHistorians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories mostly focused on Africa and Asia60
733446893scramble for AfricaSudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.61
733446894Zulu EmpireShaka organized the Zulu warriers into a tremendous fighting force; he used this force against slave traders and ivory hunters; created the Zulu nation62
733446895BoerDutch colonists to southern Africa; built Cape Town as a supply station63
733446896Boer War1890 - Cecil Rhodes PM of Cape Colony; launched an expansion of the colony and annexed the Boer colonies to the north - Boers resisted and the costly war lasted from 1899 - 1902 ended w/ bitter distrust and hatred between the two groups as well as the creation of the Union of South Africa64
733446897Cecil RhodesBritish entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him.65

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