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Semester 2 Final Flashcards

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180262382During the period from 1450 to 1750 in Western Europe what was once an _________ society became a predominately a manufacturing economy.agriculture0
180262383List the major developments of Western civilization in the proper sequenceA. Renaissance B. Protagonist Reformation C. Absolute Monarchy D. Enlightenment1
180262384Describe the characteristics of the RenaissanceA. had some relation with politics and commerce B. merchants improved banking and became more capitalist C. city-state leaders experimented with new political forms and functions D. Diplomacy changed-regular exchange of ambassadors for 1st time in West2
180262385What were the primary differences between the Northern and Italian RenaissanceItalian A. Challenged medieval intellectual values and styles B. Painting became more realistic and human- centered C. Stressed humanism- focus on humans as center or intellectual and artistic endeavor Northern A. Classical styles in art and architecture became popular B. More religious3
180262386Describe 16th century absolute monarchyExcept: the destruction of provincial governments4
180262387____________ held that government should promote the international economy in order to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nationsMerchantilism5
180262388What was the Adam Smith's economic theory?advocated: that the government avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces6
180262389Explain how global trade network of the 15th century was different from that of previous eras.In previous eras, most attention was given to the development of larger regional economies and cultural zones, rather than a truly global network7
180262390List technological improvements introduced during the 15th century in EuropeNot: lateen sails8
180262391What were the results of Europe's maritime dominancenot: all regions of Asia were for the first time subject to monopolization of trade by Western nations9
180262392Why did the Spanish fail to hold a position of dominance in world trade?Spain's internal economy and banking system were not sufficient to accomodate the bullion from the new world and laked significant manufacturing capability10
180262393What were the relationships between Asian civilizations and the world commercial network of the 16th and 17th centuries?not: China was able, thanks to the extensive of its coastal navy, to prevent the establishment of European ports.11
180262394What was the state of the Russian economy immediately after the expulsion of the Mongols in the 15th century?Russia had become a more purely agricultural economy dependent on peasant labor12
180262395Explain the contact with the West during the reigns of the Ivan CzarsA. tsars realized that Russia's cultural and economic subordination to the Mongols had put them at a commercial and cultural disadvantage B. Established trading contacts with Russia C. Selling manufactured products in exchange for furs and other raw materials13
180262396What were Peter the Great's political reforms?A. recruit bureaucrats from outside aristocratic ranks and giving them noble titles to reward bureaucratic service B. tried to steamline Russia's small bureaucracy and alter military structure C. created well defined military14
180262397What was the relationship between Catherine the Greats government and local administration?They also accepted into their ranks newly emobiled officials chosen by tsars; however, most of the actual administration over local peasants, except for those on government run estates, was wielded by the noble landlords15
180262398What was Catherine the Greats attitude toward the program of Westernization?she tried to avoid the Westernization but however, she encouraged leading nobles to tour the West and send their children there for an education16
180262399Compared to Western government how great a role did the Russian government play in economic development?economic system led to protest, Western - oriented aristocrats such as Radishev were criticizing the regimes backwardness, peasant rebellions had occured17
180262400Describe the type of men that conquered much of Latin American for SpainA. the captains were led by force of will and personal power B. few were professional soldiers C. men on the make, hoping to better themselves and serve God by converting the heathen at the same time D. most were satisfied by grants of Indians18
180262401Describe the nature of the economy in Spanish AmericaA. first mining economy with the exchange of America's precious metals for manufactured goods from Europe B. then begin to mimic New World economy as somewhat dependent area producing raw goods19
180262402In what way did the importation of American bullion negatively affect the Spanish economy?the arrival of American treasure contributed to a sharp rise in prices and a general inflation20
180262403What was the primary difference between the spanish and portugese empires?unlike the spanish empire that was almost exclusively american, the Portugese empire included colonies and outposts in Asia and Africa as well as Brazil21
180262404What accounts for the general failure of 18th century colonial revolutions against Spanish and Portugese rule?the various racial and social groups fearful of unsettling the social hierarchy failed to work together to unseat the colonial governments22
180262405What were the similarities between the three Muslim early modern empires?A. all had their origins in the Turkic nomadic cultures of the Central Asian steppe B. religious fervor and zeal for Islamic conversion were central to the rise of both the Ottoman and Safavid dynasties C. Each of the Muslim Empires were ruled by a succession of absolute monarchs whose imperial pretensions and were patterned after those of courtly rituals early Islamic dynasties23
180262406What were the causes for the decline of the Ottoman empire?Not: the addition of European military technology such as light artillery made the Janissaries so powerful that they could challenge the authority of the Sultan24
180262407Why was the battle of Chaldiran in 1514 so important?The safavids were dealt a devastating that checked the westward advance of Shi'ism and decimated the ranks of the Turkic warriors who had built the Safavid empire25
180262408How did the Safavid economy compare to that of the Ottomans?The Ottoman empire benefited in the short run from Non- Muslim traders who had extensive contacts with overseas empires that the Safavid empire lacked26
180262409Describe the economy of the Mughal empireEuropean traders brought products from throughout Asia to exchange for the subcontinents famed cotton textiles27
180262410Describe the relationships of the Muslim empires with the West (Europe)none of the Islamic people systematically monitored technological advances in Europe, key tax revenue and merchant profits were drained off by the rise of European trading empires in Asia, Muslim scholars continued to take little interest in European learnings, failed to match the intellectual and material accomplishments fo the West28
180262411Describe the early Portugese trade portslocated in El Mina29
180262412Following the model established by the Portugese, describe the principal patterns of European contact with Africawidespread European colonization30
180262413______ ________ was the term utilized for the commercial arrangement by which African slaves were shipped to the Americas, sugar and tobacco were carried to Europe and European manufactured goods were transported to Africa.triangular trade31
180262414Why did African slave trade end?A. economic, political, and religious changes in Europe and in its overseas American colonies and former colonies B. englightenment, Africa began to export other commodities32
180262415Why were the Europeans disappointed in the 16th adn 17th centuries when they arrived in Asia?few asian people interested in Christianity not: Asian civilization seemed materially impoverished33
180262416Why were the Portugese unwilling to exchange bullion for products within the Asian commercial system?they were unwilling to both follow the informal rules and to for go the possibilities for profit that a sea route to Asia presented34
180262417In what way did the Dutch and English participation within the Asian sea trading network change by the middle decades of the 17th century?The demand for spices declined and their furtile efforts to gain control over crops such as pepper that were grown in many places became more and more expensive35
180262418List the reforms introduced by the first Ming emperorA. allowed scholars into high places B. made the education system better Not: family influence in the selection of men to the Chinese bureaucracy was eliminated36
180262419List the policies imposed as a result of Japanese isolation in the 17th centurythe Japanese elite abandoned all contact with Western learning and technological advance37
180262420Describe the political philosophy of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that did not grant full religious freedom or that insisted on aristocratic priviledge38
180262421What were the causes of the French Revolution?not: the church seeking greater power over the royal government39
180262422What was the impact of the French Revolution on the rest of Europe?not: the French Revolution and its subsequent empire created a general consensus after the defeat of France for a more liberal Europe40
180262423What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain?A. favorable natural resources B. late 18th century crisis C. Population pressure forced innovations at all social levels D. built on previous trends in Western society E. governments already commited to policies of economic growth41
180262424What wa sthe political philosophy of Karl Marx?not: in the aftermath of the victory of the proletariat, the state would emerge permanently as a powerful dictatorship42
180262425List the aspects fo imperialism in the period following European industrializationnot: the absence of Christian missions43
180262426Quarrels over the division of the colonial spoils were used to justify what?arms buildup and general militarism44
180262427When considering the internal economies of the European colonies, colonial economies were steadily reduced to dependence on the European-dominated ________ marketglobal45
180262428The _______ _______ imposed Western concepts of property on Hawaiian land that had previously been shared by commoners and aristocratsGreat Mahele46
180262429List the political principles associated with Latin American Liberalsstressed the rights of the individual and attacked the corporate structure of colonial society47
180262430What were the characteristics associated with the "centralist" theory of government in Latin America?strong, centralized national governments with broad powers48
180262431What accounts for the economic stagnation in Latin America from 1820 to 1850?the mining sector was slow to recover after the wars of independence not: absence of foreign markets for raw materials49
180262432Describe the politicians that led Liberal governments in post- 1860 Latin Americanot: the favored expansion of the franchise to Indians and mestizos who represented the "ancient" aspects of Latin American civilization50
180262433Describe the economy of Latin America in the period from 1880 to 1920Latin America experienced a spurt of economic growth fueled by the increasing demands for raw materials, food stuffs, and tropical crops51
180262434What were the weaknesses associated with the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century?not: conversion of much of the population to christianity52
180262435Describe the Muslim economy at the begining of the 18th centurythere was in influx of Western manufactured goods that was steadily undermining the handicraft industries within the empire, and the dependence of European political rivals increased alarmingly53
180262436European financiers lent money to the profligate successors of Muhammad Ali because they desired access to Egypt's cheap cotton an, by the 1850s, a sharein the _______ ______Suez Canal54
180262437What was the result of the rebellion by Egyptian army officers in 1882?the khedive called on the British to crush the rebellion resulting in British over lordship of Egypt55
180262438What was the outcome of the Opium War?China defeated; After 1st war- Lin forced and Qing emperor forced to sue for peace; Europeans had more control; Chinese foreign trade and customs overseen by British56
180262439Describe the developments that Russia and Japan had in common up to the early 1900snot: both russia and japan to achieved economic autonomy and a share in the West's core position57
180262440By 1900 approximately half of Russian industry was foreign-owned by ________, _______, and ________ industrialists.British, German, and French58
180262441Describe Russian MarxismLenin introduced important innovations in Marxist theory, including theidia that a proletarian revolution could take place without going through a middle-class phase59
180262442Describe the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 19th centuryThe Shogunate continued to combine a central bureaucracy with semi-feudal alliances with regional daimyos and the samurai60
180262443What were the signs of significant social stress in industrialized Japan?disputes between generations61
180262444What were the events leading up to WWI?A. assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand B. trouble between Austria and Serbia62
180262445What were the features of war on the home front between 1914 and 1919?A. trenches B. big statement C. use of artillery and poison gas63
180262446What were the causes of the Great Depression?A. new york stock market crashed B. many U.S. banks closed C. loans were not able to be called in64
180262447What were the results of the peace treaties signed following WWII?A. russia and germany were not resented B. france received the regions of Alsace adn Lorraine C. germany has to pay all the repremandeds D. military decreases E. Italy wanted territory but received little65
180262448What phrase did Winston Churchill coin to describe the division between free and repressed societies after WWII?Iron Curtain66
180262449___________ was the focal point of the Cold War in Europe immediately after WWII.Germany67
180262450The mid-1920s in Western Europe could best be described as a period of?stability, even optimism68
180262451What actions did governments take in 1929 with the onset of the depression?National tariffs were raised to keep out the goods of their countries69
180262452What were the factors leading to the development of fascism in Germany?A. impact of depression B. shock of loss in WWI C. modern parliamentary traditions were new and shaky in any event70
180262453What was Adolf Hitler's political program?A. Fascism a. national socialist (aka Nazi)71
180262454U.S. opposition to Soviet aggression in Western Europe was predicted on a ______ "umbrella"nuclear72
180262455Describe the German government after WWII.became welfare state a. played vigorous role in economic planning and developing new social activity73
180262456Why is the European Economic community a good example?A. used to create a single economic entity across national political boundaries B. tariffs were reduced between the member nations C. common tariff policy was set for the outside world74
180262457What distinguishes those regions referred to as the "Third World" from other societies?lack of industrialization75
180262458What were the reforms in the revolutionary constitution of 1917 in Mexico? EXCEPTstate takeover of poverty belonging to the Catholic Church76
180262459Describe the revolution in Guatemala in 1954.A. U.S. Central Intelligence (CIA), a dissident military force was organized and ivaded Guatemala B. Arbenz government fell C. Pro-American regime that replaced it turned back the land reform and negotiated a settlement favorable to the United Fruit Company77
180262460Describe the outcome of the Cuban Revolutionthe revolutionary government eventually announced its adoption of Marxist-Leninst leanings, broke off relations with the U.S., and introduced sweeping social reforms78
180262461Describe the progress of democratization in Latin America during the 1980s.A. despite return to democratic government in many Latin American countries B. problems with populist movements C. threats from military leaders D. inflation E. the drug trade weakened the new regimes79
180262462U.S. president, ________ _______ introduced "Good Neighbor Policy" that promised to deal more fairly with Latin American countries and to halt direct military intervention.Franklin Roosevelt80

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