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| 7661982175 | Stateless Societies | African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states | 0 | |
| 7661982176 | Sundiata | The "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260 | 1 | |
| 7661982177 | Griots | Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire | 2 | |
| 7661982178 | Ibn Batuta | (b. 1304) Arab traveler who described societies and cultures in his travel records | 3 | |
| 7661982179 | Timbuktu | Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; populations 50,000; contained a library and university | 4 | |
| 7661982180 | Songhay | Successor state to Mali; sominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali (1464-1492) | 5 | |
| 7661982181 | Great Zimbabwe | Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; developed after 9th century; featured royal courts built of stone; created centralized state by 15th century; king took title of Mwene Mutapa | 6 | |
| 7661982182 | Sahel | The extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara | 7 | |
| 7661982183 | Mali | Empire centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers; created by the Malinke peoples who had broken away from Ghana control in the 13th century; Islamic kingdom based on agriculture and trade | 8 | |
| 7661982184 | Kilwa | Coastal east African city; flourished in the context of international trade; advantageous in its access to gold coming from the interior and its location as the furthest point south from which the ships sailing from India could hope to return in a single monsoon season | 9 | |
| 7661982185 | Axum | Christian kingdom in Ethiopia; most important African Christian outpost | 10 | |
| 7661982186 | Ghana | Founded around 3rd century CE; rose to power by taxing salt and gold exchanged within its borders; invaded by Almoravids in 1076 | 11 | |
| 7661982187 | Swahili | "Coastal"; Bantu-based and Arabic-influenced language based in coastal east African trading ports | 12 | |
| 7661982188 | Bantu | Language structure that provided a linguistic base across much of Afirca | 13 | |
| 7661982189 | Sunni Ali | (1464-1492) Greatest leader of Songhay empire; seized Timbuktu and created line of Muslim rulers (askia) | 14 | |
| 7661982190 | Almoravids | Followers of a great puritanical reformist movement c. 11th century; desert Berbers of the western Sahara; moved south against the African kingdoms of the savanna and west into Spain on the course of a jihad | 15 | |
| 7661982191 | Mansa Musa | (c. 1312-1337) Most famous successor of Sundiata; pilgrimage in 1324 brought attention of Muslim world to Mali; devalued gold by giving too much away | 16 | |
| 7661982192 | Askia Muhammad | Also known as Muhammad the Great; successor of Sunni Ali in the mid-16th century; extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire | 17 |
