Chapter 6
Terms : Hide Images
| 298964623 | bedouin | a member of a nomadic tribe of Arabs | 0 | |
| 298964624 | shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children | 1 | |
| 298964625 | Mecca | the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace | 2 | |
| 298964626 | Ka'ba | Main shrine in Mecca, goal of Muslims embarking on the hajj. | 3 | |
| 298964627 | Medina | the second holiest city; where Muhammad lived after fleeing Mecca | 4 | |
| 298964628 | Muhammad | the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632) | 5 | |
| 298964629 | Khadijah | First wife of Muhammad who was the widow of a wealthy merchant. | 6 | |
| 298964630 | Qur'an | the holy book of islam | 7 | |
| 298964631 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a | 8 | |
| 298964632 | umma | Muslim religious community | 9 | |
| 298964633 | zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | 10 | |
| 298964634 | five pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj | 11 | |
| 298964635 | Ramadan | the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset | 12 | |
| 298964636 | hajj | the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah | 13 | |
| 298964637 | Abu Bakr | first caliph after death of muhammad | 14 | |
| 298964638 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 15 | |
| 298964639 | jihads | holy wars launched to forcibly spread the Islam faith | 16 | |
| 298964640 | Copts | Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule. | 17 | |
| 298964641 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions | 18 | |
| 298964642 | Battle of Siffin | fought in 657 between forces of ali and umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of ali's party | 19 | |
| 298964643 | Mu'awiya | Leader of the Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali | 20 | |
| 298964644 | Sunnis | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries | 21 | |
| 298964645 | Shi'a | the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 22 | |
| 298964646 | Karbala | Site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali. | 23 | |
| 298964647 | Uthman | he was the 3rd caliph after Muhammad's death, he continued to expand Muslim territory from Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River. | 24 | |
| 298964648 | Damascus | an ancient city (widely regarded as the world's oldest) and present capital and largest city of Syria | 25 | |
| 298964649 | mawali | non-arab converts to islam | 26 | |
| 298964650 | jizya | tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion | 27 | |
| 298964651 | dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists | 28 | |
| 298964652 | Battle of River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 29 | |
| 298964653 | Baghdad | capital and largest city of Iraq | 30 | |
| 298964654 | wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire | 31 | |
| 298964655 | dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 32 | |
| 298964656 | ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 33 |
