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| 569697735 | Christian humanism | northern humanists; preoccupied with religion; focused on early Christian writings; through education, true inner piety would bring about a reform of the church; supported schools, brought out new editions of the classics, and prepared new editions of the Bible and writings | |
| 569697736 | The Praise of the Folly | Desiderius Erasmus: born in Holland; most influential Christian humanist; educated at Brothers of a Common Life school; criticized corrupt practices: abuses within the ranks of the clergy; his emphasis on education did not achieve the reform of the church he wanted | |
| 569697737 | Thomas More | Utopia: "nowhere"; 1516, account of idealistic life; cooperation and reason replaced power and fame; More rejected reign of King Henry VIII and so he was beheaded | |
| 569697738 | pluralism | high church officials took more than one church job to increase their revenues | |
| 569697739 | absenteeism | church officeholders ignored duties and hired underlings who sometimes were unqualified for job | |
| 569697740 | sacraments | Catholic's chief means of receiving God's grace; confession was one of the most important sacraments | |
| 569697741 | Martin Luther | German; became a monk after surviving storm; focused on assurance of salvation: faith alone; justification becomes main doctrine of Protestant Reformation; faith and bible= twin pillars of Protestant Reformation | |
| 569697742 | indulgences | Luther's disagreement with the use of indulgences: faith and good works | |
| 569697743 | Johann Tetzel | Dominican salesman hired by Pope Leo X to see indulgences to people as a "ticket" to Heaven; finances of indulgences went to construction of St. Peter's Basilica; "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory sings." | |
| 569697744 | Ninety-Five Theses | Luther's argument against the sale of indulgences, nailed them to church door in Wittenberg; thousands of copes of German translations were sold and Germans supported Luther's dissatisfaction with papacy. | |
| 569697745 | Edict of Worms | Luther is made outlaw within the empire by Charles V; Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, takes Luther into hiding in Wartburg | |
| 569697746 | Peasants' War | peasants were frustrated with papacy because they had not been benefited by the economy; peasants held religious revolt with Martin Luther as their leader but Luther did not support | |
| 569697747 | transubstantiation | Luther denied Catholic doctrine: bread and wine when consumed transform into the body and blood of Jesus; Luther emphasized that real presence of Jesus's body and blood in the bread and wine are give as a testament to God's forgiveness of sin | |
| 569697748 | priesthood of all believers | Luther denied priesthood since all Christians who followed the word of God were their own priests | |
| 569697749 | Charles V | emperor of the Holy Roman Empire: Austrian Habsburg lands, Bohemia, Hungary, the Low Countries, and Naples; wanted to preserve Catholic faith within his empire; could not prevent spread of Lutheranism | |
| 569697750 | Peace of Augsburg | end of religious warfare in Germany 1555; division of Christianity was acknowledged as Lutheranism and Catholicism; German ruler got to determine the religion of his subjects | |
| 569697751 | Ulrich Zwingli | Swiss; influenced by Christian humanism; began Reformation in Switzerland; Zurich= supported Zwingli; all paintings and decorations were removed from church; Mass was replaced by liturgy; killed in battle and body was cut up into pieces and burned | |
| 569697752 | Marburg Colloquy | Zwingli attempted to bring Luther and German reformers to form an alliance; they agreed on everything except the Lord's Supper; Zwingli believed Lord's Supper was meal of remembrance and that there was no body present | |
| 569697753 | Anabaptists | radical Protestant group; spiritual rebirth led to baptism as an adult; complete separation of church and state; all believers were equal; suffer for faith; Munster: city of uprising of Anabaptists that determined Dutch Anabaptism | |
| 569697754 | millenarianism | the end of the world was at hand and the kingdom of God was their only safe haven; Munster= New Jerusalem | |
| 569697755 | Henry VIII's wives | divorces with wives caused him to start Church of England and English Reformation; | |
| 569697756 | Act of Supremacy | 1534: Parliament complete break of Church of England with Rome; king was "taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England"; monarch controlled matters of doctrine, clerical, and discipline | |
| 569697757 | Book of Common Prayer | revised Protestant liturgy created by Parliament during Edward's reign | |
| 569697758 | Edward VI | son of Henry; came to throne at age 9; during his reign, Archbishop Cranmer instituted right of clergy to marry, eliminations of images, and creation of Book of Common prayer | |
| 569697759 | "Bloody Mary" | Catholic Mary has more than three hundred Protestants burned; England becomes more Protestant after her reign | |
| 569697760 | John Calvin | theologian and organizer of Protestant revolution; influenced by Luther; justification by faith, "decent and godly life", and baptism and communion are the only ways to salvation; Lords Supper: spiritual presence of Jesus | |
| 569697761 | predestination | God has predestined some people to be saved (the elect) and others to be damned (the reprobate) | |
| 569697762 | Geneva | Calvin created Ecclesiastical Ordinances: church government is both clergy and laymen; Geneva became a center of Protestantism | |
| 569697763 | Catholic Reformation | Counter-Reformation: aimed to stop spread of Protestantism | |
| 569697764 | Saint Teresa of Avila | Spanish Catholic mystic; visions led her to have an active life of service; founded Carmelite nuns | |
| 569697765 | Ignatius Loyola | founded Society of Jesus or Jesuits; prepared for his lifework of being a solider of God by prayer, pilgrimages, going to school, and working out a spiritual program in his book, Spiritual Exercises | |
| 569697766 | Jesuits | pursued highly disciplined schools, propagation of the Catholic faith among non-Christians; carry Catholic banner and fight Protestantism | |
| 569697767 | Pope Paul III | continued nepotism; made commission's report in 1537 that blamed church's problems on the corrupt policies of popes and cardinals | |
| 569697768 | Council of Trend | summoned by Pope Paul III; to resolve religious differences caused by Protestant revolt; traditional Catholic teachings were affirmed over Protestant teachings | |
| 569697769 | Huguenots | French Calvinsts; 40-50% of french nobilty became Huguenots, including house of Bourbon; Huguenots were political threat to monarchical power | |
| 569697770 | Saint Batholomew's Day | duke of Guise, extreme Catholic party, massacred Huguenots in August 1572 at marriage of sister of Valois king, Cahrles IX and Henry of Navarre | |
| 569697771 | Edict of Nantes | Henry of Navarre issued edict in 1598; Catholicism is the official religion of France but Huguenots had the rights to worship and be protected | |
| 569697772 | Phillip II | greatest advocate of militant Catholicism; "Most Catholic King"; wanted to make Spain dominate power in Europe but the large debts and use of military in defense of Catholicism ended his attempt | |
| 569697773 | the Netherlands | 17 provinces; prospered through commerce and textile industry; revolted against Phillip II and William of Orange unified all 17 provinces | |
| 569697774 | Union of Utrecht | William of Orange forms Protestant union to oppose Spanish rule | |
| 569697775 | Elizabeth I | Queen of England after Mary's death; daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; religious policy was based on moderation and compromise; used title "supreme head of the church" but restored Catholic church with Act of Uniformity; Puritans and Catholics opposed religious settlement | |
| 569697776 | Puritans | Protestants within Anglican Church who were inspired by Calvin and wanted to remove all Catholicism from Church of England | |
| 569697777 | Spanish Armada | Spanish fleet at sea against England to try and impose Catholicism as main religion; Spanish lost and Protestantism becomes dominant in England |
